Computer Networking

Networking Standard

Lecture By:
#Daw Zar Chi Phway(MCT)
#Lecturer
#BE-EC
#MCSA, Azure,MS365
Outlines
CHAPTER-2 ( Networking Standard )

 (1) Overview of OSI networking standards

 (2) Gain knowledge on 7-layer OSI reference model
 (3) Networking Standard
 (1) Overview of OSI networking standards

 In the 1977 the International

Standards Organization (ISO)

developed the Open System

Interconnection (OSI) reference

model to define the basic standards

for network communication

The OSI model divides network communication into 7 Layers

Layer – 7 : Application Layer

Note
Layer – 6 : Presentation Layer  All
Layer – 5 : Session Layer  People
 Seem
Layer – 4 : Transport Layer  To
Layer – 3 : Network Layer  Need
 Data
Layer – 2 : Data Link Layer  Processing
Layer – 1 : Physical Layer
 1
Physical Layer

 One of the major function of the physical

layer is to move data in the form of
 Electro magnetic signals across a
transmission medium
 Both data and the signals can be either
analog or digital
 Transmission media work by conducting
energy along a physical path which can be
wired or wireless
 2
Data Link Layer

 The second layer of the seven layers of Open Systems

Interconnection (OSI) network model is called the Data
link layer

 The Data Link layer resides above the Physical layer and
below the Network layer

 Data link layer is responsible for providing end-to-end

validity of the data being transmitted

 The Data Link Layer is logically divided into two sub

layers, The Media Access Control (MAC) Sub layer and Devices used at the Data Link Layer

the Logical Link Control (LLC) Sub layer Switches, Bridges

 3
Network Layer

 The Network layer of the OSI model is responsible for

managing logical addressing information in the packets
and the delivery of those packets to the correct
destination
 Network Layer using information stored in a table known
as routing table.
 The routing table is a list of available destinations that
are stored in memory on the routers.
 The network layer is responsible for working with logical
Devices used at the Network Layer
addresses.
Routers
 The logical addresses are used to uniquely identify a
Multilayer Switches
computer on the network
 4
Transport Layer

 The Transport layer handles transport functions such as

reliable or unreliable delivery of the data to the

destination

 The protocols operating at the Transport Layer, TCP

(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User

Datagram Protocol) uses a mechanism known as "

Port Number" to enable multiplexing and de-

multiplexing.

 Port numbers identify the originating network

Transport layer protocol (TCP, UDP)
application on the source computer and destination
 4
Transport Layer

 Sender’s Side

- Segmentation (Data1,Data2,Data3)

- Flow and Error Control

 Receiver’s Side

- Reassemble

Transport layer protocol (TCP, UDP)

 5
Session Layer

 The position of Session Layer of the Seven Layered Open

Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is between

Transport Layer and the Presentation Layer.

 Helps establish session with reserved port numbers.

 Session identifier is assigned.

 Tracks connections between hosts and remote

computers/servers.

 Half-duplex, Full-duplex
 6
Presentation
Layer

 The position of Presentation Layer in seven layered Open

Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is just below the

Application Layer.

 Performs encryption within an application

 Performs translation of cross-platform standards that

may be understood by the local machine:

 .wav into .mp3

 ASCII, EBCDIC, UNICODE

 7
Application Layer

 Interacts with the user applications (Firefox, Outlook, etc.)

 Provides initial network connection for user applications

 Manages the application connections between hosts

 Application layer protocol are :

 POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet, SNMP

 The OSI Model

 As data travels up or down the layers, it is sent as Bits, Frames,

Packets, Segments and Data.

Application
Presentation Data
Session
Transport Segments
Network Packets
Data Link Frames
Physical Bits
(2) Gain knowledge on 7-layer OSI reference model
 Network Access Layer/ Link Layer

 Internet Layer/ Network

 Transport Layer/ Host to Host

 Application Layer/ Process

 Differences Between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol. OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection.

TCP/IP has 4 layers. OSI has 7 layers.

TCP/IP is more reliable OSI is less reliable

TCP/IP does not have very strict boundaries. OSI has strict boundaries

TCP/IP follow a horizontal approach. OSI follows a vertical approach.

TCP/IP uses both session and presentation layer in the OSI uses different session and presentation
application layer itself. layers.

TCP/IP developed protocols then model. OSI developed model then protocol.
 The TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Layer Function Protocols

Application Represents data to the user and control FTP, BOOTP, TFTP, DNS,
dialogue. HTTPs TLS/SSL, VOIP,
SSH, POP3, IMAP, NTP,
Telnet SMTP, SNMP

Transport Supports communication between diverse TCP, UDP, RTP

devices across diverse networks.

Internet Determines the best path through the network. IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, IGMP

Network Access Controls the hardware devices and media that Ethernet, PPP, Frame
make up the network. Relay
 Network Access Layer

 This layer corresponds to the combination of Data Link

Layer and Physical Layer of the OSI model
 It looks out for hardware addressing and the protocols
present in this layer allows for the physical transmission
of data
 Internet Layer
.
 This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer.

 It defines the protocols which are responsible for logical transmission of data over the entire network.

 The main protocols residing at this layer are: IP, ICMP and ARP

 IP – stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for delivering packets from the
source host to the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers. IP
has 2 versions: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the one that most of the websites are using currently.

 ICMP – stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It  ARP – stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Its job
is encapsulated within IP datagrams and is responsible for is to find the hardware address of a host from a
providing hosts with information about network problems known IP address. ARP has several types: Reverse
ARP, Proxy ARP, Gratuitous ARP and Inverse ARP.
 Transport Layer
This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for end-to-end
communication and error-free delivery of data. It shields the upper-layer applications from the
complexities of data. The two main protocols present in this layer are:

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – It is known to provide reliable and error-free

communication between end systems. It performs sequencing and segmentation of data. It also has
acknowledgment feature and controls the flow of the data through flow control mechanism. It is a
very effective protocol but has a lot of overhead due to such features. Increased overhead leads to
increased cost.
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – On the other hand does not provide any such features. It is the
go-to protocol if your application does not require reliable transport as it is very cost-effective.
Unlike TCP, which is connection-oriented protocol, UDP is connectionless.
 Transport Layer
TCP and UDP Protocols

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is

a transportation protocol that is one of the core protocols of the Internet
protocol suite. Both TCP and UDP work at transport layer TCP/IP model

Difference between TCP and UDP Internet Protocols.

TCP UDP
Connection-Oriented Connectionless
Reliable Unreliable
Protocol number 6 Protocol number 17
Supports full duplex Does not support full duplex
Acknowledge segments No acknowledgement
 TCP/UDP Port Numbers

 The port number = 16bits number

 Maximum possible value = 65535

The port numbers are divided into three ranges:

Port Number Range Port Group

0 to 1023 Well Known Ports
1024 to 49151 Registered Ports
49152 to 65535 Private or Dynamic Ports
 Common TCP/UDP Protocols and Ports

Application Protocol Port Numbers

FTP Data/Control TCP 20,21

SSH Remote Login Protocol TCP 22

Telnet TCP 23

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) TCP 25

Domain Name System (DNS) TCP/UDP 53

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) UDP 67,68

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) UDP 69

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) TCP 80

Post Office Protocol (POP3) TCP 110

 Process Layer
This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model: Application, Presentation and
Session Layer. It is responsible for node-to-node communication and controls user-interface specifications. Some
of the protocols present in this layer are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, SNMP, NTP, DNS,
DHCP, NFS, X Window, LPD. Have a look at Protocols in Application Layer for some information about these
protocols. Protocols other than those present in the linked article are:

 HTTP and HTTPS – HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is used by the World Wide Web to
manage communications between web browsers and servers. HTTPS stands for HTTP-Secure. It is a
combination of HTTP with SSL(Secure Socket Layer). It is efficient in cases where the browser needs to fill out
forms, sign in, authenticate and carry out bank transactions.
 Secure Socket Layer Protocols(Two Layers)
SSL Handshake Protocol
SSL Change Cipher Specification Protocol
SSL Alert Protocol
SSL Record Protocol
 Process Layer
 Telnet _ Telnet (TN) is a networking protocol and software program used to access remote computers
and terminals over the Internet or a TCP/IP computer network. Telnet has been replaced by Secure
Shell (SSH).

 SSH – SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a terminal emulations software similar to Telnet. The reason
SSH is more preferred is because of its ability to maintain the encrypted connection. It sets up a secure
session over a TCP/IP connection.

 NTP – NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. It is used to synchronize the clocks on our computer to
one standard time source. It is very useful in situations like bank transactions. Assume the following
situation without the presence of NTP. Suppose you carry out a transaction, where your computer
reads the time at 2:30 PM while the server records it at 2:28 PM. The server can crash very badly if
it’s out of sync.
 (3) Networking Standard
IEEE 802 primarily focuses on the physical layer of the 7 layer (OSI) Model

IEEE Standards Functions

IEEE 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols
IEEE 802.3 Wired Ethernet
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN Cabling
IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic Connection
IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standard (WLAN)
IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth (WPAN)
IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (Wi-Max)
IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)