IICT

Computer Networks
Networking and the Internet
The Terminologies
Computer Network: Connectivity between 2 or more computers.
Or It is a interconnection between two or more computers and/or other
network devices so that they can communicate with each other to share
network resources(both hardware and software).
Data Communications:
• The movement of computer information from one point to another
by means of electrical or optical transmission systems (called
networks).
• Data Communication is the process of transforming information from
one point to another in a network environment.
Internet : Network of networks

• The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide

system of computer networks
• A network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if
they have permission, get information from any other computer .
• It connects millions of computers, webpages, websites, and servers.
• Using the internet we can send emails, photos, videos, messages to
others.
Network Classifications:

The following are different types of networks based on the size and
physical area they cover.
• Local area network (LAN)
• Metropolitan area (MAN)
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Global Area Network (GAN Internet)

• LAN covers the smallest area; MAN covers an area larger than LAN
and WAN comprises the largest of all.
Local area network (LAN)

• It spans a limited physical area. It is configured to single building or

group of nearby buildings.
• LANS are used for sharing applications, printers, group scheduling,
email, project tracking and other tasks.
Metropolitan area (MAN)

• It connects two or more computers that are apart but reside in the
same or different cities. It covers a large geographical area and may
serve as an ISP (Internet Service Provider).
• MAN is designed for customers who need high-speed connectivity.
• Examples of a MAN are the part of the telephone company network
that can provide a high-speed DSL line to the customer or the cable
TV network in a city.
Wide area network (WAN)

• WAN covers a large area than LAN as well as MAN such as

Country/Continent etc.
• WAN is expensive and should or might not be owned by one organization.
• PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)or Satellite medium is used for
wide area networks.
Examples Of Wide Area Network:

• Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or

country.
• Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services
to the customers in hundreds of cities by connecting their home with
fiber.
• Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the
44 offices. This network is made by using the telephone leased line
provided by the telecom company.
 Topology :
• In computer networks, a topology is used to explain how a network is
physically connected and the logical flow of information in the
network.
• A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems
or network devices are connected to each other.
Bus Topology

• The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the

stations(computers) are connected through a single cable known as a
backbone cable.
• The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which
the message is broadcast to all the stations.
Ring Topology

• Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.

• The node that receives the message from the previous computer will
retransmit to the next node.
• A token moves around the network, and it is passed from computer to
computer until it reaches the destination.
Star Topology

• Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node

is connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
• The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices
attached to the server are known as clients.
Connecting Networks
Repeater: Extends a network
Bridge: Connects two compatible networks
Switch: Connect several compatible networks
Router: Connects two incompatible networks resulting in a network of
networks called an internet
Repeater
• A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the
signal can cover longer distances.
• Or A repeater is implemented in computer networks to expand the
coverage area of the network.
Bridge
• The Bridge is used to extend the existing network or divide large
network into smaller segments.
• Connects two compatible networks. It combines two LANs to form an
extended LAN.
• It is a hardware device that works at the OSI model's data link and
physical layer.
• A bridge in a computer network is a device used to connect multiple
LANs together with a larger Local Area Network (LAN).
Bridge
switch
• A switch is a hardware device that connects multiple devices on a
computer network.
• switch provides a direct connection between the source and
destination. Switches facilitate the sharing of resources by connecting
together all the devices, including computers, printers, and servers, in
a small business network.
Router
• A router is a hardware device which is used to connect a LAN with an
internet connection. It is used to receive, analyze and forward the
incoming packets to another network.
• A router works in a Layer 3 (Network layer) of the OSI Reference
model.
Types of Models
The client/server model as compared to the peer-to-peer model
Client-server: One server, many clients
Examples of computer applications that use the client–server model
are ​Email​, network printing​, and the ​World Wide Web​. DNS (Domain
Name Systems), FTP (file transfer protocol) clients
Types of Models
• Peer-to-peer (P2P): Two processes communicating as equals
• Example: some online gaming platforms, file sharing, anonymous
internet browsing.
What Is the OSI Model.
• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven
layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network.
• It was the first standard model for network communications, adopted
by all major computer and telecommunication companies in the early
1980s.
7. Application Layer (Layer 7) :

• The Application Layer in the OSI model is the layer that is the “closest
to the end user”. It receives information directly from users and
displays incoming data to the user.

• Example: Application – Browsers, Skype Messenger, etc.

6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6):

The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer. The data from
the application layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the
required format to transmit over the network.
Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
5. Session Layer (Layer 5) :

• This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection,

maintenance of sessions, authentication, and also ensures security.

This is the layer responsible for opening and closing communication

between the two devices. The time between when the communication
is opened and closed is known as the session. The session layer ensures
that the session stays open long enough to transfer all the data being
exchanged, and then promptly closes the session in order to avoid
wasting resources.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4) :
• The transport layer provides services to the application layer and
takes services from the network layer. The data in the transport layer
is referred to as Segments.

The transport layer is also responsible for flow control and error
control.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4) :
• It is responsible for the End to End Delivery of the complete message.
The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the
successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an error is
found.
• At sender’s side: Transport layer receives the formatted data from the
upper layers, performs Segmentation, and also implements Flow &
Error control to ensure proper data transmission.
3. Network Layer (Layer 3) :

• The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other
located in different networks.
• It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to transmit
the packet, from the number of routes available.
• The sender & receiver’s IP addresses are placed in the header by the network
layer.

• The network layer breaks up segments from the transport layer into smaller
units, called packets, on the sender’s device, and reassembling these packets on
the receiving device. The network layer also finds the best physical path for the
data to reach its destination; this is known as routing.
2. Data Link Layer (DLL) (Layer 2) :

• The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the
message.
• The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-
free from one node to another.
• The data link layer takes packets from the network layer and breaks
them into smaller pieces called frames.
1. Physical Layer (Layer 1) :

• The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer.
• It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the
devices. The physical layer contains information in the form of bits. It
is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the
next.
• When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received and
convert it into 0s and 1s and send them to the Data Link layer.
 The OSI Networking Reference Model
Requirement of Multi-layer Network Models
The process of transferring a message between sender and receiver is more easily implemented by breaking it
down into simpler components.
The best known network model is the OSI. Open Systems Interconnect. Created by the International Standards
Organization (OSI) in 1984 as a network standards framework.

ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.

34
35