Lecture 05: Conditional

Statements cont…
 Chapter 3:Decision Structures
• 3.1 The if Statement
• 3.2 The if-else Statement
• 3.3 The if-else-if Statement
• 3.4 Nested if Statements
• 3.5 Logical Operators
• 3.6 Comparing String Objects
• 3.7 More About Variable Declaration and Scope
• 3.9 The switch Statement
• 3.10 Creating Objects with the DecimalFormat Class
• 3.12 Common Errors to Avoid
 Nested if Statements
• If an if statement appears inside of another if
statement (single or block) it is called a nested
if statement.
• The nested if is only executed if the if
statement it is in results in a true condition.
• Nested if statements can get very complex,
very quickly.
 LoanQualifier.java
double salary, yearsOnJob;
String input;
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter
your " + "annual salary.");
salary = Double.parseDouble(input);
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter
the number of " +"years at your current job.");
yearsOnJob = Double.parseDouble(input);
 LoanQualifier.java
if (salary >= 30000) {
if (yearsOnJob >= 2) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You qualify " + "for the loan.");
}
else {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You must have " + "been on your
current job for at least " +
"two years to qualify.");
}
}
else {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You must earn at” + “least $30,000 per
year to qualify.");
}
Nested if Statement Flowcharts

No Yes
Is it cold
outside?

Wear shorts.
No Is it Yes
snowing?

Wear a jacket. Wear a parka.

 if-else Matching
• Curly brace use is not required if there is only
one statement to be conditionally executed.
• However, sometimes curly braces can help
make the program more readable.
• Additionally, proper indentation makes it
much easier to match up else statements with
their corresponding if statement.
 if-else Matching
if (employed == 'y')
This else {
matches if (recentGrad == 'y')
with this {
if. System.out.println("You qualify for the
special interest rate.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("You must be a recent
This else college graduate to qualify.");
matches }
with this }
if. else
{
System.out.println("You must be employed to
qualify.");
}
 Nested if Statements
• If an if statement appears inside of another if
statement (single or block) it is called a nested
if statement.
• The nested if is only executed if the if
statement it is in results in a true condition.
• Nested if statements can get very complex,
very quickly.
 LoanQualifier.java
double salary, yearsOnJob;
String input;
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter
your " + "annual salary.");
salary = Double.parseDouble(input);
input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter
the number of " +"years at your current job.");
yearsOnJob = Double.parseDouble(input);
 LoanQualifier.java
if (salary >= 30000) {
if (yearsOnJob >= 2) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You qualify " + "for the loan.");
}
else {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You must have " + "been on your
current job for at least " +
"two years to qualify.");
}
}
else {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You must earn at” + “least $30,000 per
year to qualify.");
}
Nested if Statement Flowcharts

No Yes
Is it cold
outside?

Wear shorts.
No Is it Yes
snowing?

Wear a jacket. Wear a parka.

 if-else Matching
• Curly brace use is not required if there is only
one statement to be conditionally executed.
• However, sometimes curly braces can help
make the program more readable.
• Additionally, proper indentation makes it
much easier to match up else statements with
their corresponding if statement.
 if-else Matching
if (employed == 'y')
This else {
matches if (recentGrad == 'y')
with this {
if. System.out.println("You qualify for the
special interest rate.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("You must be a recent
This else college graduate to qualify.");
matches }
with this }
if. else
{
System.out.println("You must be employed to
qualify.");
}
 Logical Operators
• Java provides two binary logical operators
(&& and ||) that are used to combine
boolean expressions.
• Java also provides one unary (!) logical
operator to reverse the truth of a boolean
expression.
 Logical Operators

Operator Meaning Effect

Connects two boolean expressions into one. Both
&& AND expressions must be true for the overall expression to
be true.
Connects two boolean expressions into one. One or
both expressions must be true for the overall
|| OR
expression to be true. It is only necessary for one to
be true, and it does not matter which one.
The ! operator reverses the truth of a boolean
expression. If it is applied to an expression that is
! NOT
true, the operator returns false. If it is applied to an
expression that is false, the operator returns true.
 The && Operator
• The logical AND operator (&&) takes two
operands that must both be boolean
expressions.
• The resulting combined expression is true iff (if
and only if) both operands are true.
Expression1 &&
Expression 1 Expression 2
Expression2
true false false
false true false
false false false
true true true
 LogicalAND
double salary; // Annual salary
double yearsOnJob; // Years at current job
String input; // To hold string input

input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter your " + "annual

salary.")
salary = Double.parseDouble(input);

input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter the number

of " +"years at your current job.");
yearsOnJob = Double.parseDouble(input);
 LogicalAND
// Determine whether the user qualifies for the loan.
if (salary >= 30000 && yearsOnJob >= 2)
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You qualify " + "for
the loan.");
}
else
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"You do not " + "qualify for the loan.");
}
 The || Operator
• The logical OR operator (||) takes two operands
that must both be boolean expressions.
• The resulting combined expression is false iff (if
and only if) both operands are false.
Expression
Expression 1 Expression1 || Expression2
2
true false true
false true true
false false false
true true true
 LogicalOR
double salary; // Annual salary
double yearsOnJob; // Years at current job
String input; // To hold string input

input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter your " + "annual

salary.")
salary = Double.parseDouble(input);

input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter the number

of " +"years at your current job.");
yearsOnJob = Double.parseDouble(input);
 Logical OR
// Determine whether the user qualifies for the loan.
if (salary >= 30000 || yearsOnJob >= 2)
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"You qualify " +"for the loan.");
}
else
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "You do not " +
"qualify for the loan.");
}
 The ! Operator
• The ! operator performs a logical NOT
operation.
• If an expression is true, !expression will be false.
if (!(temperature > 100))
System.out.println(“Below the maximum temperature.");
• If temperature > 100 evaluates to false, then the
output statement will be run.

Expression 1 !Expression1
true false
false true
 Order of Precedence
• The ! operator has a higher order of
precedence than the && and || operators.
• The && and || operators have a lower
precedence than relational operators like <
and >.
• Parenthesis can be used to force the
precedence to be changed.
 Order of Precedence
Order of
Operators Description
Precedence
(unary
1 Unary negation, logical NOT
negation) !
2 */% Multiplication, Division, Modulus
3 +- Addition, Subtraction
Less-than, Greater-than, Less-
4 < > <= >= than or equal to, Greater-than or
equal to
5 == != Is equal to, Is not equal to
6 && Logical AND
7 || Logical NOT
= += -= Assignment and combined
8
*= /= %= assignment operators.
 Comparing String Objects
• In most cases, you cannot use the relational
operators to compare two String objects.
• Reference variables contain the address of the
object they represent.
• Unless the references point to the same
object, the relational operators will not return
true.
StringCompareTo.java
 StringCompare.java
String name1 = "Mark",
name2 = "Mark",
name3 = "Mary";
// Compare "Mark" and "Mark"
if (name1.equals(name2))
{
System.out.println(name1 + " and " + name2 +
" are the same.");
}
else
{
System.out.println(name1 + " and " + name2 +
" are the NOT the same.");
}
 StringCompare.java
// Compare "Mark" and "Mary"
if (name1.equals(name3))
{
System.out.println(name1 + " and " + name3 +
" are the same.");
}
else
{
System.out.println(name1 + " and " + name3 +
" are the NOT the same.");
}
 StringCompareTo.java
String name1 = "Mary",
name2 = "Mark";
// Compare "Mary" and "Mark"
if (name1.compareTo(name2) < 0)
{
System.out.println(name1 + " is less than " + name2);
}
else if (name1.compareTo(name2) == 0)
{
System.out.println(name1 + " is equal to " + name2);
}
else if (name1.compareTo(name2) > 0)
{
System.out.println(name1 + " is greater than " + name2);
}
 Ignoring Case in String
Comparisons
• In the String class the equals and compareTo
methods are case sensitive.
• In order to compare two String objects that
might have different case, use:
– equalsIgnoreCase, or
– compareToIgnoreCase
 SecretWord.java
if (input.equalsIgnoreCase("PROSPERO"))
{
System.out.println("Congratulations!” + “You
know the“ + “ secret word!");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Sorry, that is NOT” “the "
+"secret word!");
}