Water Supply and Environmental

Engineering Dept.

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 Wastewater Engineering-I

WASTEWATER ENGINEERING-I
(WSEE-3122)
FOR WATER SUPPLY & ENV’NTAL ENG’G
STUDENTS
YEAR III, Semister II
INSTRUCTOR: Moltot G. (MSc)

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 Wastewater Engineering-I

Chapter 2
Characteristics of municipal and industrial wastewater
Outline:
 Physical, chemical and biological characteristics
 Flowrates and constituent loadings for process design
 Solids and volatile solids & their significance
 BOD progression & its formulation
 Types of reactors and reactors analysis

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 Wastewater Engineering-I

 Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristic of Wastewater.

An understanding of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of wastewater is very
important in design, operation and management of collection, treatment and disposal of WW
The nature of wastewater depends on the water usage in the community, the industrial and
commercial contributions, weather and infiltration/inflow
oWW quality can be defined by physical, chemical and biological characteristics
Physical parameters: color, odor, temperature, solids (residues), turbidity, oil and grease
Organic Chemical parameters: the BOD, COD, TOC and TOD
Inorganic chemical parameters: salinity, hardness, pH, acidity, alkalinity, iron, manganese,
chlorides, sulfates, sulfides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, chromium, copper and zinc), nitrogen
(organic, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate) and phosphorus
Bacteriological parameters: coliforms, fecal coliforms, specific pathogens and viruses
Physical characteristics: Odor
o Caused by gases from decomposition of OM or odorous substances in the WW
o When fresh, wastewater is gray in color and has a musty and not unpleasant odor
o Fresh, aerobic, domestic wastewater has been said to have the odor of kerosene or freshly
turned earth
o Aged, septic sewage is considerably more offensive to the olfactory nerves
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o The characteristic rotten-egg odor of H2S and the mercaptans is indicative of septic sewage
 Wastewater Engineering-I

 Physical characteristics: color

o Give rough information about age of WW
o Fresh WW is typically light brownish gray color
o With time WW becomes dark gray
o Septic sewage is black
o Some times sewage is pink due to algae or due to industrial colors
o Color of WW changes sequentially (Gray → dark gray → black (Septic))
Table: Odorous Compounds Associated With Untreated Wastewater

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 Wastewater Engineering-I

 Physical characteristics: Turbidity

o It's a measure of the light transmitting properties of water due to SS
o The unit of measure is a Turbidity Unit (TU) or Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)
o Effects on receiving water bodies
 Interferes with photosynthesis
 Interferes with feeding of aquatic species
Physical characteristics: Temperature
oTemperature of domestic WW is higher than that of local water supply because of:
 Addition of warm water from households and heating WW within the plumbing system
oWastewater temperature range between 10 0C and 20 0C
oVariations according to seasons of the year
oAffects chemical reactions during WWT process
oInfluences aquatic life (e.g., fish)
oInfluences solubility gases : O2 solubility < in warm water than cold water
oInfluences microbial activities (aerobic digestion, nitrification and methanogens
oInfluences viscosity of fluid

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Fig. Thermometer
 Wastewater Engineering-I

Physical characteristics: Solids

oSolids comprise matter suspended or dissolved in wastewater
oSolids are classified into three main types: TS, Settleable solids & SS & FS
oSuspended Solids: Fixed (inorganic fraction) & volatile (organic fraction)
oDissolved Solids: Fixed inorganic fraction) & volatile organic fraction)
oSettleable Solids: Fraction of organic & inorganic Solids that settle in 1 Hr in Imhoff cone
oDifferent fractions and concentrations provide useful information for characterization of wastewater and control of
treatment processes
Table: Definition of Solids found in wastewater
Test Description
TS The residue remain after a WW sample has evaporated and dried at a temperature of 103 – 105 0C
TVS Those solids that can be volatilized and burned off when TS are ignited at 500 50 0 C
TFS Those solids that remain after total solids are ignited at 500 50 0C
TSS Those portion of TS remain on filter with pore size of 1.58 µm measured after being dried at 105 0C
VSS Solids that can be volatilized & burned off when the TSS are ignited at 500 50 0C
FSS Solids remain after total suspended solids are ignited at 500 50 0C
TDS Those solids that can pass through the filter and then evaporated and dried at105 0C. It comprises of both colloidal
and dissolved solids
VDS Those solids that can be volatilized & burned off when the TDS are ignited at 500 50 0C
FDS Those solids that remain after total dissolved solids are ignited at 500 50 0C
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 Wastewater Engineering-I
Cont…
 Determination of TS
oTS is the sum of TSS and TDS
TS (mg/L) =
A = weight of dried residue plus dish (mg)
B = weight of empty dish (mg)
1000 = conversion factor

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Determination of TSS
oNon-filterable residue
oDetermined by filtering a well-mixed WW sample through a 0.2m pore size, the filter is placed in a crucible
and the residue retained on the filter is dried in an oven at 103 0C to 1050C
oAn important quality parameter for primary & secondary effluents

TSS (mg/L) =

C = Weight of filter and crucible plus dried residue (mg)

D = Weight of filter and crucible (mg)

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Determination of Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Filterable residues (Raw wastewater Contains 250 to 850 mg/L)
A well-mixed sample is filtered through a 2μm standard glass fiber filter and the filtrate is evaporated in
an oven at 180 2 oC
TDS (mg/L) =
E = Weight of dried residue plus dish (mg)
F = Weight of empty dish (mg)

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Determination of Total Fixed and Total volatile solids (TFS & TVS)
oThe residue from TS, TSS, or TDS tests is ignited to constant weight at 550 50 0C
oThe weight lost on ignition is total volatile solids (TVS) whereas the remaining solids represent the total
fixed solids (TFS)
Total Volatile Solids (mg/L) =

Total Fixed Solids (mg/L) =

G = Weight of residue plus crucible before ignition (mg)

H = Weight of residue plus crucible or filter after ignition (mg)
I = Weight of dish or filter (mg)
V = Sample volume (mL)

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Fig. Interrelationships of wastewater

solids 12
 Wastewater Engineering-I

Determination of Settleable solids

o Material settling out of suspension within a defined time
o It may include floating material depending on the technique
o May be expressed on either a volume (mL/L) or a weight (mg/L) basis
oFill an Imhoff cone to the one-liter mark with a well-mixed sample
oSettle for 45 minutes, gently agitate the sample near the sides of the Imhoff cone with a rod or
by spinning, then continue to settle for an additional 15 minutes and record the volume of
settleable solids in the cones as mL/L
o Another test to determine settleable solids is the gravimetric method
oFirst, determine total suspended solids as stated above
oSecond, determine non-settleable suspended solids from the supernatant of the same sample
which has settled for one hour
oThen determine TSS (mg/L) of this supernatant liquor; this gives the non-settleable solids
oThe settleable solids can be calculated as:
oSettleable Solids (mg/L) = TSS (mg /L) - non-settleable Solids (mg /L)

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Fig.: Imhoff cone for measuring settleable solids
 Wastewater Engineering-I
Cont…

Example
A well-mixed 25-mL of raw wastewater is used for TS analyses. A well-mixed 50-mL of raw
wastewater is used for suspended solids analyses. Weights (wt.) of evaporating dish with and
without the sample either dried, evaporated, or ignited were determined to constant weight
according to Standard Methods. The laboratory results are:
 Tare wt. of evaporating dish = 42.4723 g
 Wt. of dish plus residue after evaporation at 105 0C = 42.4986 g
 Wt. of dish plus residue after ignition at 550C = 42.4863 g
 Tare wt. of filter plus Gooch crucible = 21.5308 g
 Wt. of residue and filter plus crucible after drying at 105C = 21.5447 g
 Wt. of residue and filter plus crucible after ignition at 550C = 21.5349 g
Compute the concentrations of total solids, volatile solids, fixed solids, total suspended solids, volatile
suspended solids and fixed suspended solids
Exercise (check your answer TS = 229mg/L; FS = 88 mg/L; VS = 132 mg/L)
A laboratory runs a solids test. The weight of the crucible=48.6212 g. A 100- mL sample is placed in the
crucible and the water is evaporated. The weight of the crucible and dry solids=48.6432 g. The crucible
is placed in a 600 ℃ furnace for 24 hr and cooled in desiccators. The weight of the cooled crucible and
residue, or unburned solids,=48.6300 g. Find the total, volatile, and fixed solids

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Chemical Constituents of Wastewater

o The dissolved and suspended solids in wastewater contain organic and inorganic material
o Organic matter may include carbohydrates, fats, oils, grease, surfactants, proteins, pesticides and
other agricultural chemicals, volatile organic compounds, and other toxic chemicals (household
and industrial)
o Inorganics: heavy metals, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), pH, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfur,
and other inorganic pollutants
o Gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide and methane may be present in
a wastewater
o The strength (organic content) of a WW is usually measured as BOD5, chemical oxygen demand
COD and TOC
o The BOD5 test measures the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter in WW
sample during 5 days of biological stabilization at 20 0C
o The ratio of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in WW is very important for biological treatment
processes, where there is normally a surplus of nutrients.
o The most commonly accepted BOD/N/P weight ratio for biological treatment is 100/5/1

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Chemical Constituents of Wastewater: pH

 The hydrogen-ion concentration is an important parameter in both natural waters and
wastewaters
 Wastewater can be classified as neutral, alkaline or acidic according to pH ranges:
 pH = 7 neutral
 pH > 7 Alkaline
 pH < 7 Acidic
 It is a very important factor in the biological and chemical wastewater treatment
 For proper treatment, wastewater pH should normally be in the range of 6.5 to 9.0 (ideally 6.5 to 8.0)
Measurements of Organic Matter Contents of Wastewater
→ BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
→ COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
→ TOC (Total Organic Carbon)
→ ThOD (Theoretical Oxygen Demand)
→ UV absorbing organic constituents

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Cont…
 Measurements of Organic Matter Contents of Wastewater:Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD5): is the oxygen equivalent of organic matter
oDetermined by measuring the DO used by MOs during the biochemical oxidation of organic matter in 5
days at 20 oC

Fig. Portable BOD

test instrument

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 Wastewater Engineering-I

 Measurements of Organic Matter Contents of Wastewater: Biochemical Oxygen

Demand
 CBOD (carbonecous BOD): oxygen demand exerted by the oxidizable carbon in the sample
 NBOD (nitrogenous BOD): oxygen demand associated with the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
(nitrification) zc
L0 → BOD ultimate (UBOD)
Yt = BODt (BOD exerted)
Lt = L0e-kt (BOD remain)
BODt = L0 – Lt = L0–L0e-kt = L0 (1- e-kt)
BOD5 = L0 (1- e-k5)
K = 0.23d-1 usually, kT = k20ɵT-20 ɵ = 1.047 or as given

Example
Determine the 1-day BOD and ultimate BOD for a wastewater whose 5-day BOD @ 20 °C is 200 mg/L. The
reaction constant K= 0.23 d-1. What would have been the 5-day BOD if it had been conducted at 25 °C?

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 Wastewater Engineering-I

Measurements of Organic Matter Contents of Wastewater…

Exercise
 Assuming a deoxygenating constant of 0.25 d -1, calculate the expected BOD5 if the BOD3 is 148
mg/L
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): Measure the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content of
wastewater that can be oxidized chemically using dichromate in an acid solution
 In the COD test, a strong chemical oxidizing agent (chromic acid) is mixed with a water sample
and then boiled
 The difference b/n the amount of oxidizing agent at the beginning of the test and that remaining at
the end of the test is used to calculate the COD
 The COD test takes 3 to 4 h rather than 5 days for BOD data
 The COD results are typically higher than the BOD values
oWhy BOD is not equal to COD?
o Many OM can be oxidized chemically but not biologically
o Inorganic substances are oxidized by dichromate
o Certain OM may be toxic to MOs used in the BOD test
Typical BOD/COD of untreated domestic WW: 0.5 - 0.8
oIf BOD/COD ratio is 0.3:
 WW Organics may be refractory
oIf BOD/COD ratio is 0.5:
 WW is easily treatable by biological means 19
 Wastewater Engineering-I
cont…
Measurements of Organic Matter Contents of Wastewater: COD
Most types of organic matter in WW
are oxidized by a boiling
mixture of sulfuric and chromic
acids with excess of potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
oAfter 2-h refluxing, the remaining
unreduced K2Cr2O7 is titrated with
ferrous ammonium sulfate
to measure the amount of
K2Cr2O7 consumed and the
oxidizable organic matter is measured
in terms of oxygen equivalent

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 Wastewater Engineering-I

Measurements of Organic Matter Contents of Wastewater: COD

Calculate COD result as:

A = mL ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) used for blank

B = mL FAS used for sample
M = Molarity of FAS

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Measurements of Organic Matter Contents of Wastewater: Total organic carbon (TOC):
 This method measures the organic carbon existing in the WW by injecting a sample of the
WW in special device in which the carbon is oxidized to CO2 then CO2 is measured and
used to quantify the amount of organic matter in the WW.
 Done instrumentally (5-10 min) to determine TOC in WW sample (mg C/L)
 Measures all C as CO2
 Only used for small concentration of organic matter
 Inorganic C (CO2, HCO3) present in WW must be removed by acidification and aeration of
sample prior to analysis
 Typical BOD/TOC of untreated domestic WW 1.2-2 mg O2/mg C
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD):
 If the chemical formula of the OM in the WW is known the ThOD may be computed as the
amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize the organic carbon to CO2 and other end
products (e.g., H2O, PO4-3, SO4-2 and NO3-)
 The amount of oxygen required to oxidize a substance to carbon dioxide and water may be
calculated by stoichiometry if the chemical composition of the substance is know
Example: What is the theoretical oxygen demand in mg/L for a 1.67×10-3 molar solution of
glucose, C6H12O6, to decompose completely? 22
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Chemical characteristics: Alkalinity
o A measure of the wastewater’s capability to neutralize acids
o Domestic wastewater is normally alkaline receiving its alkalinity from the water
supply, the groundwater, the materials added during domestic use
o Alkalinity in wastewater results from the presence of the hydroxide ions, carbonate
and bicarbonates of elements such as Ca, Mg, Na, K and NH3
o Essential to buffer (hold the neutral pH) of the wastewater during the biological
treatment processes

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cont…
Chemical characteristics: Metals
Discharged from residential dwellings, groundwater infiltration, commercial and
industrial discharge
Nickels, Mn, Lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron ,mercury
Toxic metals : Copper, lead, silver, chromium, arsenic, boron
Chemical characteristics: Nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus)
Total nitrogen: the sum of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and organic nitrogen (organic &
inorganic N)
 The organic nitrogen concentration is determined by a total kjeldahl nitrogen
(TKN) analysis, which measures the sum of organic and ammonia nitrogen
 Organic nitrogen is then calculated by subtracting ammonia nitrogen from the
TKN measurement
Total phosphorus:
 Organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus
 An essential nutrient in biological wastewater treatment
Both nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater serve as essential elements for biological
growth and reproduction during wastewater treatment processes and in the natural24
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Chemical Constituents of Wastewater and their sources
Carbohydrates Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
Organics Fats, oils and grease Domestic, commercial and industrial wastes
Pesticides Agricultural wastes
Phenols Industrial wastes
Proteins Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
Priority pollutants Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
Surfactants Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
VOCs Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
Other Natural decay of organic materials

Alkalinity Domestic wastes, domestic water supply, groundwater infiltration

Inorganics Chlorides Domestic wastes, domestic water supply, groundwater infiltration
Heavy metals Industrial wastes
Nitrogen Domestic and agricultural wastes
pH Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
Phosphorus Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes natural runoff
Priority polluter Domestic, commercial and industrial wastes
Sulfur Domestic water supply and domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
Hydrogen sulfide Decomposition of domestic wastes
Gases
Methane Decomposition of domestic wastes 25
Oxygen Domestic water supply , surface-water infiltration
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Biological Characteristics of Wastewater
WS&Environmental engineer must have considerable knowledge of the biological characteristics of
wastewater because it is a very important in wastewater treatment
Table: Main organisms present in WW
Organism Description
Bacteria o Unicellular
o Spheroid, rod curved rod, spiral, filamentous
o Present in different forms & size
o Mainly responsible for stabilization of organic matter
o Some are pathogenic, causing mainly intestinal diseases
Archaea o Similar to bacteria in size & basic cell components
o Differ from bacteria in their cell wall, cell membrane & RNA composition
o Important in anaerobic processes
Viruses o Viruses are a major hazard to public health
o Some viruses can live as long as days in water and wastewater at 20 oC
o Viruses cause lots of dangerous diseases
o It is often difficult to remove viruses fro water and WW during treatment
Protozoa o Feed on bacteria so they help in the purification of treated waste water.
o Some of them are pathogenic
o Maintain the equilibrium b/n different group in biological WWT
Fungi o Predominantly aerobic, non-photosynthetic
o Important in decomposing organic matter to simple forms
o Important in decomposition of organic matter of WW 26
o Can grow under low pH conditions
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Biological Characteristics of Wastewater
oThe principal groups of MOs found in wastewater: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic plants and
animals, helminthes and viruses
The WS&Environmental Engineers should know:
 Principal groups of MOs found in wastewater
 Pathogenic Microorganisms found in wastewater
 Indicator Microorganisms (indicate the –presence of pathogens)
 Methods used to quantify MOs found in wastewater
 Methods to evaluate the toxicity of treated wastewater
Table: Some important bacteria in WWT
Bacteria Importance
Pseudomonas Reduce NO3to N2, so it is very important in biological nitrate removal in treatment works
Zoogloea Helps through its slime production in the formation of flocs in the aeration tanks
Sphaerotilus natuns Causes sludge bulking in the aeration tanks
Bdellovibrio Destroy pathogens in biological treatment
Acinetobacter Store large amounts of phosphate under aerobic conditions and release it under an –anaerobic
condition so, they are useful in phosphate removal
Nitrosomonas Transform NH4into NO2-
Nitrobacter Transform NO2-to NO3-
27
Coliform bacteria The most common type is Echerichia Coli, (indicator for the presence of pathogens)
 Wastewater Engineering-I
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Biological Characteristics of Wastewater
 Algae:
 Cause eutrophication phenomena. (negative effect)
 Useful in oxidation ponds. (positive effect)
 Cause taste and odor problems when decayed. (negative effect)
Helminthes
 Higher order animals
 Their eggs present in WW can cause diseases
Indicator organisms
A fecal coliform bacteria test is used to indicate the likely presence of disease-causing bacteria
in wastewater
Indicator bacteria such as total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and fecal streptococcus (FS)
are used as indicator organisms
Tests for enumeration of TC, FC, and FS can be performed by multiple-tube fermentation (most
probable number, MPN) or membrane filter methods
The test media used are different for these three groups of indicators
Why we use indicators rather than looking for pathogens?
 No single technique is currently available to isolate and identify all the pathogens
 Methods for identification and enumeration of pathogens are labor-intensive and expensive28
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Table: Common wastewater pollutants and the processes used to reduce/remove them

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cont…
Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve
The rate of oxygen utilization, at a given
incubation time decreases as
concentration of organic matter
remaining un-oxidized becomes
gradually smaller.
The rate of de-oxygenation depends on
temperature and amount and nature of
organic matter

Thus, at a certain temperature, the rate

of de-oxygenation is assumed to be
directly proportional to the amount of
organic matter at that time
i.e., ………(2.2)
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cont…

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

Where,
Lt = oxygen equivalent of carbonaceous oxidizable organic
matter after t days from the start of oxidation (mg/l).
= rate of disappearance of organic matter by aerobic
biological oxidation
t = time in days.
K= rate constant (in per day)
Minus sign indicates that with the passage of time (i.e.,
increase in t) the value of Lt decreases

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cont…
Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve
☺Integrating the above equation (2.2), we get

………(2.3)
Where, C is a constant of integration,
When t = zero (0), i.e. at start Lt = L. Substituting in the
equation (2.3), we have

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cont…

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

……..(2.4)
Using 0.434k = kD is the De-oxygenation constant or the
BOD rate constant,

……..(2.5)
……..(2.6)

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cont…

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

Now, L is the initial organic matter (expressed as oxygen
equivalent)
Lt is the organic matter left after t days; which means
that during t days,
the quantity of organic matter oxidized = L - Lt…..(2.6)
Let say the quantity of organic matter oxidized is

But, also , from equation (2.5)

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cont…

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

Therefore,
…….(2.7)
is the oxygen absorbed in t days, i.e. BOD of t days.
e.g.
The ultimate first stage BOD (Yu) would be obtained
from the equation (2.7), substituting t =∞days in it.

……(2.8)
Hence, the ultimate first state (Yu) of a given sewage is
equa1 to the initial oxygen equivalent of the organic
matter present in this sewage (L)

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cont…
Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve
KD value
The value of KD determines the
speed of the BOD reaction,
without influencing the ultimate
BOD

The coefficient of de-oxygenation is

different at different temperatures,
but finally, Yu is constant.

KD(20°) = De-oxygenation constant

at 20°c. varies b/n (0.05 to 0.2) per
day depending upon the nature of
the organic matter.
KD(T) = De-oxygenation constant
at température Tºc. 36
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cont…

Mathematical Model for the BOD

Table: Typical values of at 20°c for
Curve various types of waters and WW

Table: Sewage type depending

on BOD value

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cont…

Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve

Problems
1. In order to conduct a 5-day BOD test the sample of
WW was diluted with specially prepared dilution
water, with a dilution factor of 150. the contents of
DO in the beginning and end of test were 11ppm and
7ppm respectively. Compute the 5-day BOD. What is
the nature of the WW?
2. Determine the ultimate BOD for a sewage have 5-day
BOD at 20°c as 160ppm. Assume the de-oxygenation
constant as 0.2per day.

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 Relationship between load and concentration

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 Types of Reactors in Wastewater Treatment

 The Activated Sludge Process
 Using aerobic micro-organisms, this wastewater treatment procedure digests
organic matter that exists in sewage.
 Then, the liquid produced through this method is free from other solids and
organic matter.
 The activated sludge treatment process involves an aeration tank with air
injected into the liquid, a settling tank that supports the
sedimentation of water by separating the sludge from clear water treated in
this manner, and a treatment of nitrogenous matter or a phosphate to ensure
there is no dissolved oxygen remaining.

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 The Membrane Bioreactor (Mbr) Process

 Types of reactors in wastewater treatment, such as with the MBR, may produce
higher quality water that urban communities may reclaim for irrigation purposes.

 This bioreactor may also help a city upgrade an older treatment plant that cannot
use outdated equipment.

 The MBR may work in conjunction with the activated sludge process to treat waste.
The bioreactor reduces the liquid component in the waste mixture that then
provides an opportunity to treat the remaining with an activated sludge process.

 The filtration unit with the MBR is usually either an internal or submerged system
or the external sidestream system.

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 The Biodiscs Sewage Treatment

 For sewage disposal needs, the Biodisc provides a way to remove the
sewage for homes without main drainage access.

 It is through the Biodisc that producing higher quality output is achievable

with lower maintenance than other treatments.

 The operating costs for this treatment are much lower, and the process
uses less room than a standard septic tank.
 This method accelerates the treatment of sewage.

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 Wastewater Treatment Biofilters

 Biofiltration is a wastewater treatment process to purify water from
sewage.
 The biofilters contain a medium grain filter through sand or carbon.

 The biofilter breaks down nitrogen, phosphorus compounds and nutrients

in waste.

 This method of purification also captures other contaminants in the sewage

and organic carbon molecules.

 To increase efficiency, the biofilter will go through

water treatment disinfection, so the water is drinkable.

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 Trickling Filters In Wastewater Treatment

 A trickling filter in wastewater treatment consists of a bed of crushed rock.

 Sewage sprayed over the rock covers the surface and purifies the liquid as it
trickles through the filter.

 Microorganisms attach to the bio matter to remove oxygen materials from

the sewage.

 It is through trickling filters that up to 85 percent of pollutants dissipate from

the water.

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 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (Mbbr)

 MBBR technology is one of many types of reactors in wastewater treatment.

 This process uses polyethylene biofilm to mix motion and aerated

wastewater treatment basins.

 The biocarrier is efficient and protects the surface area along with supporting
the growth of bacteria necessary to break down waste.

 These bacteria are responsible for the high-rate biodegradation process in the
system.
 The MBBR is much smaller and expandable than other systems.

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 Water Supply and Environmental Engineering

Thank You for Listening

Safe water!

water is life! 49