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Descartes Rule of Sign

Descartes' Rule of Signs is a method used to determine the potential number of real roots of a polynomial function based on the changes in sign between consecutive terms of the polynomial. The rule states that the number of positive real roots is equal to or less than the number of sign changes, while the number of negative real roots is equal to or less than the number of sign changes of the same polynomial with x replaced by -x. The rule provides only an estimate and does not give the exact values of the roots. It has limitations as it does not account for imaginary or repeated roots.

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37 views28 pages

Descartes Rule of Sign

Descartes' Rule of Signs is a method used to determine the potential number of real roots of a polynomial function based on the changes in sign between consecutive terms of the polynomial. The rule states that the number of positive real roots is equal to or less than the number of sign changes, while the number of negative real roots is equal to or less than the number of sign changes of the same polynomial with x replaced by -x. The rule provides only an estimate and does not give the exact values of the roots. It has limitations as it does not account for imaginary or repeated roots.

Uploaded by

cia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

SARAH JOY V. TADEJA


MAED - Math
DESCARTE
S
Rule of Signs
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the basic principles of
Descartes’ Rule of Signs
2. Apply Descartes’ Rule of Signs in
finding the number of roots of a given
polynomial function.
3. Explore the limitations and
extensions of Descartes’ Rule of Signs
RENE
DESCARTES
Greatest Contributions
1. Cartesian Coordinate
Plane
2. Father of Analytic
Geometry
3. Geometrical Calculus
4. Rule of Signs
DESCARTE
SSigns
Rule of
- focuses in the changes of sign of the
coefficient in a given polynomial

+-
function.
EXAMPLES
1. + - 1
2. + - + - 3
3. + + + 0
4. + + + - 1
EXAMPLES
-
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟑 𝒙 −𝟐 𝒙 +𝟗 𝒙 +𝟓

𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐
Descartes’ Rule of Signs is used to
determine the number of real
zeros of a polynomial function.

It is a useful help for narrowing


down the list of potential zeroes
of polynomial functions
proposed by the other methods.
What does
Descartes’ Rule of
Signs tell you about
a polynomial’s real
roots?
Descartes’ Rule of Sign counts the
changes of sign between consecutive
pairs of terms in a polynomial named
f(x)
The number of POSITIVE REAL
ZEROS in a polynomial function
f(x) is the same or less than by
an even numbers as the number
of changes in sign of the
coefficients
𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟑 𝒙 𝟒 − 𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 +𝟗 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟓

𝟐
𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏

Descartes rule of sign


𝟐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔

𝟐 − 𝟐 =𝟎
EXAMPLES
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙 +𝟗 𝒙 − 𝒙 +𝟓

𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟒𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏
𝟒𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔
𝟐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔
𝟎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔
Try this
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒙 +𝟑
𝟒 , 𝟐 , 𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟓 𝒙 +𝟐𝒙 +𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙 +𝟒
𝟐 , 𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟒 𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒙 +𝟏
𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
The number of NEGATIVE REAL
ZEROS in a polynomial function
f(-x) is the same or less than by
an even numbers as the number
of changes in sign of the
coefficients
Example
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟒 𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒙 +𝟏

𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
( )
𝒇 − 𝒙 =(− 𝒙 ) +(− 𝒙 ) +𝟒 (− 𝒙 ) +𝟑 (− 𝒙 ) +(− 𝒙 )+ 𝟏

𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 ( − 𝒙 )=− 𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏/ 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
𝟓 − 𝟐=𝟑 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
𝟑 − 𝟐=𝟏 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
Try this
𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝒙 −𝟏
𝟐 , 𝟎 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒙 +𝟑
𝟎 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
𝟓 𝟒 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙 −𝟑 𝒙 +𝒙 − 𝟔
𝟐 , 𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
The roots of a polynomial is
not only limited to a positive
and negative real roots. We
can also have imaginary
roots.
Example
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙 +𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 ( − 𝒙 ) =(− 𝒙 ) − 𝟐 ( − 𝒙 ) − (− 𝒙 )+𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 ( − 𝒙 ) =− 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒙 +𝟐

+¿ − 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Limitation
Descartes’ Rule of Signs tells
only the number of the
possible roots of a given
polynomial function and not
the exact value of the roots.
Example
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙 +𝟐
𝟐
𝒙 ( 𝒙 − 𝟐 ) − 𝟏 ( 𝒙 − 𝟐 ) =𝟎

( 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏 ) ( 𝒙 − 𝟐 ) =𝟎
( 𝒙 +𝟏 ) ( 𝒙 − 𝟏 ) ( 𝒙 − 𝟐 ) = 𝟎

𝒙 𝟏 =− 𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 =𝟏 𝒙 𝟑 =𝟐

*2 positive real roots and 1 negative real roots


Example
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒙 +𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 ( − 𝒙 ) =(− 𝒙 ) − 𝟐 ( − 𝒙 ) − (− 𝒙 )+𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
𝒇 ( − 𝒙 ) =− 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒙 +𝟐

+¿ − 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
24

Thanks!
Any questions?

Prepared by:
SARAH JOY V. TADEJA
MAED - Math
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