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Here is an example of a hydraulic system I'm familiar with: Car brakes operate using a hydraulic system. Pressing the brake pedal causes fluid in the master cylinder to pressurize. This pressure is transmitted through hydraulic lines to the wheel cylinders at each wheel. The wheel cylinders then push the brake pads out to slow the rotation of the wheels, bringing the car to a stop. Hydraulic pressure allows the relatively small force applied to the brake pedal to generate much larger braking forces at each wheel.

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Arif Ahmed
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32 views

Lec - 6

Here is an example of a hydraulic system I'm familiar with: Car brakes operate using a hydraulic system. Pressing the brake pedal causes fluid in the master cylinder to pressurize. This pressure is transmitted through hydraulic lines to the wheel cylinders at each wheel. The wheel cylinders then push the brake pads out to slow the rotation of the wheels, bringing the car to a stop. Hydraulic pressure allows the relatively small force applied to the brake pedal to generate much larger braking forces at each wheel.

Uploaded by

Arif Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME 104

FLUID MECHANICS – 1
Archimedes Principle
Archimedes’ principle, physical law of buoyancy, discovered by the ancient Greek mathematician and
inventor Archimedes.
Stating that: anybody completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by
an upward, or buoyant, force, the magnitude of which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
body.
The volume of displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of an object fully immersed in a fluid or to that
fraction of the volume below the surface for an object partially submerged in a liquid
NOTE: Students should realize that if an object weighs more than an equal volume of water, it is more dense
and will sink, and if it weighs less than an equal volume of water, it is less dense and will float. Remember that
the density of water is about 1 g/cm3. Predict whether the following objects will sink or float.

Q: Why needle sink whereas ship float in water?


If an object has a density less than the density of water, it floats. ... This causes the ship to displace water with
a weight equal to the weight of the ship. On the other hand, the needle displaces more water than its weight
and hence it sinks

Q: How is Archimedes Principle used today?


It can be useful in measuring the volume of irregular objects, such as gold crowns, as well as explaining the
behaviors of any object placed in any fluid. Archimedes' principle describes how ships float, submarines
dive, hot air balloons fly, and many others examples
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY
Buoyant force: The upward force a fluid exerts on a body immersed in it.
The buoyant force is caused by the increase of pressure with depth in a fluid.

The buoyant force acting on


the plate is equal to the
weight of the liquid
displaced by the plate.
For a fluid with constant
density, the buoyant force is
independent of the distance of
the body from the free surface.
It is also independent of the
density of the solid body.

A flat plate of uniform thickness h submerged


in a liquid parallel to the free surface.
The buoyant forces acting on a solid body
submerged in a fluid and on a fluid body of
the same shape at the same depth are
identical. The buoyant force FB acts upward
through the centroid C of the displaced
volume and is equal in magnitude to the
weight W of the displaced fluid, but is
opposite in direction. For a solid of uniform
density, its weight Ws also acts through the
centroid, but its magnitude is not necessarily
equal to that of the fluid it displaces. (Here
Ws > W and thus Ws > FB; this solid body
would sink.)

Archimedes’ principle: The buoyant force acting


on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts upward
through the centroid of the displaced volume.
For floating bodies, the weight of the entire body must be equal to the
buoyant force, which is the weight of the fluid whose volume is equal to the
volume of the submerged portion of the floating body:

A solid body dropped into a


fluid will sink, float, or
remain at rest at any point
in the fluid, depending on
its average density relative
to the density of the fluid.
Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies

Stability is easily
understood by
analyzing a ball
on the floor.

For floating bodies such as ships, stability is an


important consideration for safety.
A floating body possesses vertical
stability, while an immersed neutrally
buoyant body is neutrally stable since it
does not return to its original position
after a disturbance.

An immersed neutrally buoyant body is:


(a) stable if the center of gravity G is directly
below the center of buoyancy B of the body,
(b) neutrally stable if G and B are coincident, and
(c) unstable if G is directly above B.
A floating body is stable if the body is bottom-heavy and thus the center of
gravity G is below the centroid B of the body, or if the metacenter M is above
point G. However, the body is unstable if point M is below point G.

Metacentric height GM: The distance between the center of gravity G


and the metacenter M—the intersection point of the lines of action of
the buoyant force through the body before and after rotation.
The length of the metacentric height GM above G is a measure of the
stability: the larger it is, the more stable is the floating body.
Hydraulic System

Hydraulic systems work by using pressurized fluid to power an engine.


These hydraulic presses put pressure on a small amount of fluid in order to
generate a large amount of power. Here's a basic idea of a hydraulic system:

Hydraulic System Components:


The major components that make up a hydraulic system are
the reservoir, pump, valve(s) and actuator(s) (motor, cylinder, etc.).
Hydraulic System
Give life experience example of a hydraulic system you
have seen or used. Briefly explain its function and usage.

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