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Module-II (D) Ob Learning 12.09.2023

1. The document discusses classical and operant conditioning theories of learning. Classical conditioning involves associating one stimulus with another through repeated experiences, as demonstrated by Pavlov's dog experiment. Operant conditioning involves modifying behavior through reinforcement or punishment of responses. 2. B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning which holds that learning is a function of changes in observable behaviors as a result of an individual's response to environmental stimuli. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of behaviors reoccurring while punishments decrease behaviors. 3. Operant conditioning uses positive and negative reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Reinforcement strengthens behaviors through rewards or removal of unpleasant stimuli. Punishment weakens behaviors by introducing adverse

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11 views

Module-II (D) Ob Learning 12.09.2023

1. The document discusses classical and operant conditioning theories of learning. Classical conditioning involves associating one stimulus with another through repeated experiences, as demonstrated by Pavlov's dog experiment. Operant conditioning involves modifying behavior through reinforcement or punishment of responses. 2. B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning which holds that learning is a function of changes in observable behaviors as a result of an individual's response to environmental stimuli. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of behaviors reoccurring while punishments decrease behaviors. 3. Operant conditioning uses positive and negative reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors. Reinforcement strengthens behaviors through rewards or removal of unpleasant stimuli. Punishment weakens behaviors by introducing adverse

Uploaded by

IMMORTAL DARKGAMER
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning

Module: II
Learning : Definition
Any relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of experience
Learning components:

2-2

Refer text book


Learning
- acquiring new, or modifying and
reinforcing- existing knowledge, behavior,
skills, values or preferences and may involve
synthesizing(to combine) different types of
information.
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

• Classical conditioning - In classical conditioning, an


organism learns to associate one stimulus with
another. The organism learns that the first stimulus is a
cue for the second stimulus.
Classical Conditioning

• A Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov, studied salivation


in dogs as part of his research programme.

• Normally, dogs will salivate at the when food is presented,


but Pavlov was interested why the dogs had started to
salivate when it saw the people that usually fed them.

• (they also responded to the sound of the dishes being used


for their meals)
Classical conditioning : A type of conditioning in which an
individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily
produce such a response.
 Key concepts of conditioning

• Unconditioning stimulus (UCS)- Food


• Unconditioning response (UCR)- Saliva
• Conditioning stimulus (CS) - Bell
• Conditioning response(CR) – Salivation on listening to sound of
bell.

• Thus, the classical conditioning reveals that the stimulus


elicits(bring out) response i.e., Stimulus  Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Food is the unconditioned stimulus or UCS. By this, Pavlov meant
that the stimulus that elicited(bring out) the response occurred
naturally.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)


The salivation to the food is an unconditioned response
(UCR), that is a response which occurs naturally.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

The bell is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because it will only


produce salivation on condition that it is presented with the food.

Conditioned Response(CR)
Salivation to the bell alone is the conditioned response (CR), a
response to the conditioned stimulus.
Classical Conditioning in the Real World

• In reality, people do not respond exactly like Pavlov’s dogs.


There are, however, numerous real-world applications for
classical conditioning.:
e.g.
 In Training Animals:
Training a cat to come to it’s food when it hears it’s food bowl
being tapped.

 In Advertising:
Walking past the Mc Donnalds golden arches and feeling
hungry because you associate the golden arches sign with the
food they serve in the Mc Donnalds restaurant.
B.F. Skinner’s
Operant
Conditioning
Theory
Operant conditioning
 Concept of Operant conditioning was behaviorism:

Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental


conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through
rewards and punishments for behavior.

 Through operant conditioning, an association is made


between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
2.Operant conditioning
• The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is
a function of change in behavior.

• Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to


events (stimuli) that occur in the environment.

• When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced


(rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond.
What is Shaping Behaviour????
• Managers will be concerned with teaching employees to
behave in ways that most benefit the organization.

• Learning takes place on the job as well as prior to it.

• An attempt to mould individuals by guiding their learning is


called shaping behavior.
VIII. Diagram of Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement Punishment
+ Behavior - Behavior

POSITIVE NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT


EXTINCTION
ADD Appetative ADD Unpleasant Stimuli
following behavior REMOVE Negative
(Desire)stimulus following stimulus following
correct behavior behavior
Spanking a child for cursing
Giving a food when the dog sits.
Active Avoidance Telling a child to go to his room
Escape for fighting her sister
Behavior avoids
Remove unpleasant harmful stimulus
stimuli following following correct
correct behavior behavior

Turning off an alarm clock the push Studying to avoid getting a bad grades
button to stop
Components of Operant Conditioning
1. Reinforcement
- Reinforcement is something that happens after a behavior or event that
strengthens or increases behavior likely to occur again.

1.a. Positive reinforcement


(reward/praise) are favorable
events or outcomes that are
presented after the behavior. A
behavior is strengthened by the
addition of something.

Giving a child a compliment for a job well done.


Components of Operant Conditioning

2.b Negative reinforcement


(removal) In these situations, a
response is strengthened by the
removal of something considered
unpleasant. (e.g. headache –by
taking aspirin headache gone)

By taking aspirin headache takes away the


pain)
2. Punishment
 Punishment is the presentation of an adverse event or
outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows.

2.a.punishment(Unlearning)
(treat) referred to as
punishment by application,
involves the presentation of
unfavorable event or
outcome in order to weaken
the response it follows.
Burning your hand when you
touch a hot stove
Types of Operant Conditioning

2.b. EXTINCTION
(Ignor)(taking away
annoying/painful) known
as punishment by removal,
occurs when an favorable
event or outcome is
removed after behavior
occurs.

Teen is grounded for


misbehavior

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