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Gnu Jntu

An operating system manages hardware and software resources, performs basic tasks like memory management, and may provide a graphical user interface. The GNU Project launched in 1984 to develop a free UNIX-like OS called GNU. Variants of GNU that use the Linux kernel, called GNU/Linux systems, are widely used today. GNU/Linux allows more freedoms than Windows and comes with many built-in packages. System administration tasks in GNU/Linux include user and process management, mounting partitions, and package management using commands like useradd, kill, mount, and chmod.

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78 views33 pages

Gnu Jntu

An operating system manages hardware and software resources, performs basic tasks like memory management, and may provide a graphical user interface. The GNU Project launched in 1984 to develop a free UNIX-like OS called GNU. Variants of GNU that use the Linux kernel, called GNU/Linux systems, are widely used today. GNU/Linux allows more freedoms than Windows and comes with many built-in packages. System administration tasks in GNU/Linux include user and process management, mounting partitions, and package management using commands like useradd, kill, mount, and chmod.

Uploaded by

api-3742832
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is a Computer For?

Operating System...

An operating system (OS) is a computer program that


manages the hardware and software resources of a
computer. At the foundation of all system software, the
OS performs basic tasks such as controlling and
allocating memory, prioritizing system requests,
controlling input and output devices, facilitating
networking, and managing files. It also may provide a
graphical user interface for higher level functions.
What is GNU/Linux?
The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to
develop a complete UNIX-like operating
system which is free software: the GNU
system. Variants of the GNU operating
system, which use the kernel called Linux,
are now widely used; though these
systems are often referred to as “Linux”,
they are more accurately called
GNU/Linux systems.
GNU is a recursive acronym for “GNU's
Not UNIX”; it is pronounced guh-noo,
like canoe.
How is it different from the
dominant OS Windows?
It allows for the four freedoms of Free Software
(Freedom to use, study, adapt and improve)
It is as easy and more comprehensive than
windows.
It comes with built in 15490 packages.
installation
System Maintenance Tasks

1. User management
2. Process Management
3. Netconfig
4. File Permissions
5. Mounting windows partitions..
6. package management
7. Grub
System Administration

USER MANAGEMENT:
# useradd -m butterscotch
[-m. with home directory -- /home/butterscotch]
# userdel -r butterscotch
[-r deletes the home directory along with the user]
Mounting a filesystem

# mount –t ntfs /dev/sda /mnt/windisk


# umount /mnt/windisk
GRUB
* /boot/grub/menu.lst
Grand Unified Boot Loader
## default
default 0
## timeout sec
timeout 25
## kernels list

title Debian GNU/Linux


root (hd0,5)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/hda6 ro vga=792

title Debian GNU/Linux, OLD


root (hd0,5)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz.old root=/dev/hda6 ro vga=792
title Windows XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
chainloader +1
Process Management
ps –A | less

Typing ps alone would list the current running processes.


Below is an example of the output that would be
generated by the ps command.

PID TTY TIME CMD


6874 pts/9 0:00 ksh
6877 pts/9 0:01 csh
418 pts/9 0:00 csh
Process Management
Killing a Process

$ kill -9 3216

The -9 will ensure "execution".

A convenient short cut is the Alt-Ctrl-Esc key combination, which


allows you to simply click on the application you want to kill.1
File Permissions
"chmod" is a standard UNIX/Linux command that allows you
to change the permissions of a file or directory. There are two
arguments for chmod: the permissions and the file/directory
name. The permission argument for chmod is based on
numbers.

1 stands for execute.


2 stands for write.
4 stands for read.
File Permissions
"chmod 777 hello.txt" will allow EVERYBODY full access to
read, write and execute.

"chmod 644 Desktop" will allow the owner (you) read and
write access, the group read access, and everybody else
(world) read access too.

"chmod 700 personal_photos" will give yourself full access


while giving everybody else
NOTHING.

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