PSYCHOLOGICAL BASES OF SPECIAL

AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

Week 4
 TELL US …..
NIPS GAME
SOMETHING YOU CAN’T LIVE WITHOUT
•
SOMEHING YOU’VE LEARNED

SOMETHING YOU DO WELL

SOMETHING ABOUT YOUR

CHILDHOOD
LET’S DISCUSS!!!
OBSERVE THE
CLASSROOMS.
WHAT DO YOU
THINK HINDER
LEARNING
LET’S TALK
 LET’S
OBSERVE
WHAT DOES
DEPED SAY
ON
CLASSROO
M
DECORATIO
N
 ROLE PSYCHOLOGY PLAY WHEN
TEACHING
Teacher and understanding human
learning
• Psychology is the study of the biological, social, and
environmental influences that affect how people
think, behave, and learn. This last item has been the
subject of great debate in the education field, where
educators strive to help students overcome
achievement gaps.
Taking Through the use

Information
of the senses

Processing Thinking about

the information THE LEARNING
Information PROCESS
and giving
meaning to it

Using Understanding
something and

Information
doing something
new
THE LEARNING PROCESS
Taking Information
Possible Problems
• receive less information
from the environment due
to:
Poor hearing Too much to do
Poor vision Too much to see
Too much to hear

• Inability to concentrate
THE LEARNING PROCESS
Processing Information
Possible Problems
• Inability to:
remember
organize the information See relationships
attach meaning to the Figure out uses for each
information new learning experiences
• Difficulty with abstract
meaning
THE LEARNING PROCESS
Using Information
Possible Problems
• Difficulty in expressing themselves with words (verbal
responses)
• Awkward and clumsy with their bodies (motor responses)
To help children understand language,
• Talk to them about things and events in their day to day
world
• Use simple words, make your sentences short, and speak
clearly
 PSYCHOLOGIC
AL BASES IN
EDUCATION
• Educational psychology
discusses process of
development of the students,
process of learning, social
adjustment of the students,
individuals differences in
physical abilities and mental
traits and powers, interest and
motivation of child and
various problems associated
with the mental health of the
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
BASES
• The general philosophy of special education is
that all people have the ability to learn,
regardless of their particular disabilities. The
trend in public education has shifted from
isolating special education students in separate
classrooms to mainstreaming them in the
regular classroom for at least part of the day.
 WHY IS EDUCATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
IMPORTANT IN
INCLUSIVE AND
SPECIAL EDUCATION?

• role of psychology in special education?

Educational psychology provides
teachers with a means to educate
individuals with disabilities who may
not otherwise have access to the first-
rate education they deserve.
 WHO IS JEAN PIAGET
• Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) was a psychologist and
epistemologist who focused on child development. He
developed a theory of human cognitive development
(known as 'genetic epistemology') based on his
interest in biology and particularly the adaptation of
species to their environment
• Cognitive development means how children
think, explore and figure things out. It is the
development of knowledge, skills, problem
solving and dispositions, which help children
to think about and understand the world
around them.
SENSORIMOTOR
STAGE

• This stage is characterized by reflexive

actions which lack logical thought processes
and involve interacting with the environment
based on a specific goal. There are six
distinct substages of the sensorimotor stage,
reflecting the rapid brain development that
occurs during the first two years of life. The
end of the sensorimotor stage ends when
children begin to mentally consider reality,
and the preoperational stage begins.
 PRE-
OPERATIONAL
STAGE
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
LET’S TRY !
ACTIVITY
ABOUT
VISUAL MEMORY

SCHEMAS
 SAMPLE OF SCHEMAS
• Person schemas are focused on specific
individuals. For example, your schema for
your friend might include information about
her appearance, her behaviors, her personality,
and her preferences. Social schemas include
general knowledge about how people behave
in certain social situations.
 LET’S PRETEND
DIRECTION: I WILL SAY A WORD
AND ADD WORDS BASED ON
WHAT IS YOUR IDEA.

1. Restaurant

2. School

3. job
 LET’S PRACTICE

1. A two-year old boy calls a woman with short hair a “boy”.

This is an example of:

A. Equilibration
B. Assimilation
C. Adaptation
D. Sensorimotor development
2. The father of the boy in question 1 above tells the boy that some
women can have short hair too. Other traits also distinguish
between males and females, such as clothing, make-up, size, and
facial hair. The next time the little boy sees a woman with short
hair, he refers to her as a “lady”. This is an example of:

A. Adaptation
B. Equilibration
C. Assimilation
D. Accumulation
 According to Piaget, children are born with a
very basic mental structure (genetically
JEAN inherited and evolved) on which all
PIAGET- subsequent learning and knowledge are
based.
COGNITIVE
THEORY OF What Piaget wanted to do was not to measure
how well children could count, spell or solve
DEVELOPM problems as a way of grading their I.Q. What
ENT he was more interested in was the way in
which fundamental concepts like the very
idea of number, time, quantity, causality,
justice and so on emerged.
 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT REMIND
US TEACHERS THAT……..

• Developing cognitive skills allows students to

build upon previous knowledge and ideas. This
teaches students to make connections and apply
new concepts to what they already know. With a
deeper understanding of topics and stronger
learning skills, students can approach schoolwork
with enthusiasm and confidence.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
WHAT DO YOU SAY……..
TOKEN ECONOMY
 SOCIAL
LEARNING
T H E O RY
CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY
OBSERVED
CHILDREN LEARN FROM WHAT THEY
SEE!!
CHILDREN LEARN FROM ADULTS
 LET’S TALK

1. Share any learning you have from your grandparents.

2. What good characteristics you can say that you got from your parents?

3. Was there a positive and negative things you have learned from Covid-19?
 BOBO DOLL THEORY

• Bobo doll experiment, groundbreaking study on aggression led by

psychologist Albert Bandura that demonstrated that children are able to
learn through the observation of adult behavior.

• Bobo doll experiment demonstrates how specific behaviors can be

learned through observation and imitation. According to Bandura, the
violent behavior of the adult models toward the dolls led children to
believe that such actions were acceptable.
 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

• Albert Bandura’s social learning theory (SLT) suggests that we

learn social behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of
others.
• Bandura realized that direct reinforcement alone could not account
for all types of learning, so he added a social element to his theory,
arguing that people learn by observing others
• His theory is regarded as the bridge between behaviorist
and cognitive learning theories, encompassing attention,
memory, and motivational processes .
• The SLT states that in response to observation, imitation,
and modeling, learning can occur even without changing
behavior.
 • suggests that social behavior is
learned by observing and imitating
the behavior of others.
SOCIAL Psychologist Albert Bandura
LEARNING developed the social learning
THEORY theory open in new as an
alternative to the earlier work of
fellow psychologist B.F. Skinner,
known for his influence on
behaviorism.
 ALBERT BANDURA

• Albert Bandura was an influential social

cognitive psychologist who was perhaps
best known for his social learning
theory, the concept of self-efficacy, and
his famous Bobo doll experiments.
 WHY IS SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY IMPORTANT

• social learning theory provides a

helpful framework for understanding
how an individual learns via
observation and modeling
• Cognitive processes are central, as
learners must make sense of and
internalize what they see to reproduce
the behavior.
 PROCESS OF SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY

• Bandura proposes five essential steps in order for

the learning to take place: observation, attention,
retention, reproduction, and motivation.
 SKILLS LEARNING

• Learning from role models is a widely accepted learning method, yet in

education, the term remains vague and inconsistently used.
• A 2018 study studied the effect of role modeling in teaching and learning in
medical students (Horsburgh & Ippolito, 2018). Students reported that learning
from role models was “complex and haphazard,” and the study recognized that
the process of learning from role models was challenging, but could be helped
by ensuring proximity and repeated observation of role models’ actions and
their behavior
MO T I VATI O N I S B A S E D O N A N
I N D I V I D U A L ' S D E S I R E TO
A CH I E V E A C E RTA I N G O A L .
 PROCESS OF SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY

• Observation
We observe other people’s behavior.
• Imitation
Following observation, we assimilate
and imitate the observed behavior.
• Modeling
We are more likely to imitate
behavior modeled by people we
perceive as similar to ourselves.
MODELING
OBSERVING
IMITATING
 Bandura realized that direct
Albert Bandura’s social reinforcement alone could not
learning theory (SLT) suggests account for all types of
that we learn social behavior learning, so he added a social
by observing and imitating the element to his theory, arguing
behavior of others. that people learn by observing
others
People learn through observation.

Reinforcement and punishment have an

indirect effect on behavior and learning.
CONCEPT OF
SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY
Cognitive factors contribute to whether a
behavior is acquired.

Learning involves modeling, yet does

not require behavioral change.
IF A CHILD LIVES WITH HOSTILITY, A
CHILD LEARNS TO FIGHT
IF A CHI LD LI VES
WITH PRA I SE, A
CHI LD LEARNS
TO APPRECI ATE
 QUIZ # 4

1. . Social Learning Theory was developed by:

A. Albert Bandura
B. Alfred Hitchcock
C.Albert Banana
2. Social learning theory relates to learning by:
A. Association
B. Positive Reinforcement
C. Modeling Others
D. Punishment
3. How many processes are involved in Social Learning Theory?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Five
 4. What process is this in the
social-learning theory?

A. Observation
B. Attention
C. Retention
D.. Reproduction
E.. Motivation
5. According to Bandura there are four elements that account
for observational learning:
a_____________,
r_______________,
rep_______________ and
m__________._____ Bandura suggests that all of these
elements are essential if observational learning is to occur.
 IN A NUTSHELL BANDURA’S THEORY
REMIND US…..

• Bandura's theory provides us with four ideologies

to show how to create the ideal conditions for
positive social learning to take place—attention,
retention, reproduction, and motivation. If all four
conditions are enabled, students can act as both
educators and learners.
 FOR OUR ACTIVITY # 3
DIRECTION: ON A YELLOW HALF PAPER

1. AS A TEACHER , 2. WHAT ARE THE

HOW IS SOCIAL IMPLICATION OF
COGNITIVE THEORY PIAGETS
OF BANDURA DEVELOPMENT
RELEVANT TO THEORY ON
TEACHING AND TEACHING AND
LEARNING? LEARNING?