Module 1: Introduction to IoT

• Introduction to IoT
‐ Defining IoT, (2)
‐ Characteristics of IoT (3)
‐ Conceptual framework of IoT (4 - 7)
‐ Physical design of IoT (8 - 18)
‐ Logical design of IoT (19-29)
‐ Functional blocks of IoT
‐ Brief review of applications of IoT. (30 - 34)
• Smart Object
‐ Definition (35- 37)
‐ Characteristics and Trends (38 - 39)
• Self-learning Topics: Hardware and software development tools for - Arduino, NodeMCU,
ESP32, Raspberry Pi, for implementing internet of things, SimulatorsCircuit.io, Eagle, Tinkercad
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 Internet of Things ( IoT ) Definition:
• IoT is a term that refers to the connection of objects to each other &
to humans through the internet.
• Internet of things means the network of physical things (objects) for
sending, receiving and communicating information using the
internet or other communication technologies just as the computers,
tablets and mobiles do and thus enabling the monitoring
coordinating or controlling process across the internet.

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 Characteristics of IoT :-
1. Dynamic and self-Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
condition. Ex: Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based on whether it is day or night.
2. Self – Configuring: IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a large
number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality. These devices have the
ability configure themselves, setup the networking and fetch latest software upgrades with
minimal manual or user intervention.
3. Interoperable communication protocols: IoT devices support a variety of open standard
communication protocols . They interact with both infrastructure and other devices. (e.g. A
smart phone is able to control the smart TV of different manufactures)
4. Unique Identity: Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an
IP address or URI). IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the
context, allow communication with users and the environment contexts.
5. Integrated into information network: IoT devices are usually integrated into the
information network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices
and systems.
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Conceptual framework of IoT :

Figure 1 : Conceptual Framework of IoT. 4

• A conceptual element means a functioning entity which reflects the
intended function or action. A conceptual framework means a
framework which describes functions of the conceptual elements.
• The following equation describes a simple conceptual framework of
IoT :
Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators+
Internet = Internet of Things …… (1)
• IoT example (1) shows following conceptual elements : (i) Physical
Object (Streetlight), (ii) Device (a circuit consisting of sensor,
actuator, controller) at each object and (iii) use of Internet for the
device communicating with a central server for acquiring edge devices
data through a group controller.

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• The following equation can represent conceptual framework for the
flow of data and the IoT :
Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organise
and Analyse = Internet of Things with connectivity to data
centre, enterprise ………………. ((2)
• Steps in equation (2) in an IoT framework for the processes and
services are as follows :
1) First level gathers the data of the things (devices), the physical states using
sensors or things and devices of local network.
2) The devices connects to a communication gateway and data then enriches at
second level for example data transforms or encodes at the gateway.
3) Communication management unit streams the data at level 3.
4) Device , identity and access management units receive device data at level 4.
5) A data store or database acquires data at level 5.
6) The data routed from the devices (things) organizes and analyses at level 6. 6
• The following equation also gives a conceptual framework which
represents the flow of data from the IoT devices for managing the IoT
services using the cloud server.
Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage
and Analyse = Internet of Things with connectivity to cloud
services ……..(3)
• Terms in equation (3) for the processes and services are as follows :
1) Levels 1 and 2 consist of sensor network which gathers and consolidates
for the data. Data of the things gathers at level 1 using the sensors or
smart sensors, using local wired or wireless network. Gathered data then
consolidates at level 2.
2) The network streams the data and connects to information service. The
service uses a communication management unit at level 3. A cloud
infrastructure, a data store or database acquires the data at level 4
3) Information service system consists of connect, collect, assemble and
manage and real time analysis of subsystems. It renders the services at
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level 4.
Physical Design of IoT

• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities
and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
‐ Exchange data with other connected devices and applications
(directly or indirectly) or
‐ Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
remotely.
‐ Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-
ends for processing the data, or
‐ Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints (i.e.
Memory, processing calibrators, communication latencies and
speed and deadlines).
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Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to

other devices, both wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.

Figure 2 : Generic block diagram of an IoT Device.

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Physical Design of IoT: IoT Protocols

Figure 3 : IoT Protocols 10

1. Link Layer
• Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over
the networks physical layer or medium (example : copper wire,
electrical cable, or radio wave).
• The Scope of The Link Layer is the Last Local Network connections to
which host is attached. Host on the same link exchange data packets
over the link layer using the link layer protocol.
• Link layer determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the
hardware device over the medium to which the host is attached.

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• 802.3 Ethernet: 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. For
example 802.3 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, 802.3.i is standard
for 10 BASE-T Ethernet over copper twisted pair connection etc., These standards provide data
rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 Gb/s and the higher. The shared medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial
cable , twisted pair wire or and Optical fiber. The Shared medium carries the communication for
all the devices on the network.
• 802.1- WI-FI: IEEE 802.3 is a collection of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
communication standards, including extensive descriptions of the link layer. For example
802.11a operate in the 5 GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11ac
operates in the 5G hertz band.
• 802.16 WiMAX: IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband Standards, including
extensive descriptions for the link layer also called WiMax. WiMax standard provides a data rates
from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s. The recent update provides data rates of 100 Mbit/s for mobile station and
1 Gbit/s for fixed station.
• 802.15.4 LR-WPAN: IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless personal
area network (LRWPAN). These standard form the basis of specifications for high level
communication Zigbee. LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 Kb/s to 250 Kb/s . These
standards provide low cost and low speed Communications for power constrained devices.
• 2G / 3G / 4G mobile communications: These are the different generations of mobile
communication standards including second generation (2G including GSM and CDMA). 3rd
Generation (3G including UMTS and CDMA2000) and 4th generation 4G including LTE 12
2. Network / Internet layer
• The network layer are responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source network to the
destination network.
• This layer Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
• The datagrams contains a source and destination address which are used to route them from the
source to the destination across multiple networks.
• Host Identification is done using the hierarchical IP addressing schemes such as IPv4 or IPv6.
‐ IPv4: Internet protocol version (IPv4) is there most deployed internet protocol that is used to
identify the devices on a network using a hierarchical addressing scheme. It uses a 32 bit
address scheme that allows total of 232 address. As more and more devices got connected to
the internet. The IPv4 has succeeded by IPv6.
‐ IPv6: Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the newest version of internet protocol and
successor to IPv4. IPv6 uses 128 bit address schemes that allows total of 2 128 or 3.4 X 1038
addresses.
‐ 6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks brings IP protocol to the
low power devices which have limited processing capability. It operates in the 2.4 GHz
frequency range and provides the data transfer rate of 250 Kb/s.
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3. Transport layer
• The Transport layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying network.
• The message transfer capability can be set up on connections, either using handshake or without
handshakes / acknowledgements.
• It Provides functions such as error control , segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
• TCP: Transmission Control protocol is the most widely used transport layer protocol that is used by
the web browsers along with HTTP , HTTPS application layer protocols email program (SMTP
application layer protocol) and file transfer protocol. TCP is a connection Oriented and stateful
protocol. while IP protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmissions of packets
in order. TCP also provide error deduction capability so that duplicate packets can be discarded and low
packets are retransmitted .The flow control capability ensures that the rate at which the sender since the
data is now to too to high for the receiver to process.
• UDP: User Datagram Protocol unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup procedure,
UDP is a connectionless protocol. UDP is useful for time sensitive applications that have very small
data units to exchange and do not want the overhead of connection setup. UDP is a transaction
oriented and stateless protocol. UDP does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of messages and
duplicate eliminations.
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4. Application layer

• Application layer protocol define how the application interfaces with

the lower layer protocols to send the data over the network.
• Data are typically in files, is encoded by the application layer protocol
and encapsulated in the transport layer protocol.
• Application layer protocol enable process-to-process connection using
ports.
• Protocols: HTTP, COAP, Websocket, MQTT, XMPP, DDS, AMQP

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HTTP:
• HyperText Transfer Protocol is the application layer protocol that forms the foundations
of world wide web http includes, commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD,
TRACE, OPTIONS etc.
• The protocol follows a request-response model where are client sends request to server
using the http, commands.
• HTTP is a stateless protocol and each http request is independent other request

CoAP:
• Constrained Application Protocol is an application layer protocol for machine to
machine application M2M meant for constrained environment with constrained devices
and constrained networks.
• Like http CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request- response model, however it
runs on the top of the UDP instead of TCP CoAP uses a client –server architecture where
client communicate with server using connectionless datagrams.
• It is designed to easily interface with HTTP. Like HTTP, CoAP supports method such as
GET, PUT, DELETE .
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WebSocket:
• WebSocket protocol allows full duplex communication over a single socket
connections for sending message between client and server.
• WebSocket is based on TCP and Allows streams of messages to be sent back and forth
between the client and server while keeping the TCP connection open.
• The client can be a browser, a mobile application and IoT device.

MQTT:
• Message Queue Telemetry Transport it is a lightweight message protocol based on
public -subscribe model.
• MQTT uses a client server Architecture by the clients such as an IoT device connect to
the server also called the MQTT broker and publishers message to topic on the server.
• The broker forward the message to the clients subscribed to topic MQTT is well suited
for constrained and environments where devices have limited processing and memory
resources and the network bandwidth is low.
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XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol it is a protocol for real-time
communication and streaming XML data between network entities. XMPP powers wide
range of applications including messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming
multiparty chat and voice / voice calls. XMPP Allows sending small chunks of XML data
from one network entity to another in real time. XMPP supports both client to server
and server –client communication path.
DDS: Data distribution service is the date centric middleware standard for device-to-
device or machine to machine communication DDS uses a publish subscribe model
where publisher (example device that generate data) create topics to which subscribers
per can subscribe publisher is an object responsible for data distributions and the
subscriber responsible for receiving published data. DDS provide quality of service (QoS)
control and configurable reliability
AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocols. it is an open application layer protocol
for business messaging. AMQP support point to point and publish - subscribe model
routing and queuing. AMQP broker receive message from publishers example devices or
applications that generate data and about them over connections to consumers
publishers publish the message to exchange which then distribute message copies to
queues.
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Logical Design of IoT

• Logical design of an IoT system

refers to an abstract representation of
the entities and processes without
going into the low-level specifics of
the implementation.

• An IoT system comprises of a

number of functional blocks that
provide the system the capabilities
for identification, sensing, actuation,
communication, and management
Figure 4 : Functional blocks of IoT.
as shown in figure (4). 19
The functional blocks :
• Devices: An IoT system comprises of the devices that provide sensing, actuation,
monitoring and control function.
• Communication: communication block handle the communication systems.
• Services : An IoT system uses various types of IoT services such as services for
device monitoring ,device control services ,data publishing services and services
for device Discovery.
• Management: Functional blocks provide various functions to govern the IoT
system.
• Security: Security functional block security IoT system and by providing functions
such as application authorization message and content integrity and data security.
• Application: IoT application provides and interface that the user can used to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Application also allow
users to view the system status and view or analyze the processed to data.
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IoT communication model :
• Request Response Communications Model
• Publish – Subscribe Communication Model
• Push Pull Communication Model
• Exclusive Pair Communication Model

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Request-Response communication model
• Request-Response is a communication model in which the client
sends requests to the server and the server responds to the
requests.
• When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond,
fetches the data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the
response, and then sends the response to the client.

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Publish-Subscribe communication model
• Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers
and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which
are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data
to all the subscribed consumers.

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Push-Pull communication model
• Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the
data to queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers
do not need to be aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and
consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the
consumers pull data.

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Exclusive Pair communication model

• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that
uses a persistent connection
between the client and server.
• Once the connection is setup it
remains open until the client
sends a request to close the
connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.

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IoT communication APIs
• REST- based communication API:
• WebSocket based communication API:

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REST-based Communication
APIs
• Representational State Transfer
(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can design
web services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources and
how resource states are
addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request-
response communication model.
• The REST architectural constraints
apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements,
within a distributed hypermedia
system.

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REST working :
• A request is sent from client to server in the form of a web URL as
HTTP GET or POST or PUT or DELETE request. After that, a response
comes back from the server in the form of a resource which can be
anything like HTML, XML, Image, or JSON. But now JSON is the most
popular format being used in Web Services.
• In HTTP there are five methods that are commonly used in a REST-
based Architecture i.e., POST, GET, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE. These
correspond to create, read, update, and delete (or CRUD) operations
respectively. There are other methods which are less frequently used
like OPTIONS and HEAD.

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WebSocket-based Communication
APIs
• WebSocket APIs allow bi-
directional, full duplex
communication between
clients and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair
communication model

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Applications of IoT
1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health & Life Style
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1. Smart Home
With the use of IoT, the user can access the home appliances like
lighting, heating, security & entertainment remotely.
IoT provides security, comfort & convenience to owners of house.
• Smart Tv’s :- That are connected to Internet allows us to browse
various applications.
• Refrigerators with LCD screen :- Give information of what’s
inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy &
also provide this information on your smartphone app.
• Cameras & home alarm systems :- Provide safety to our home.
• Detection of window & door openings :- Prevent intruders to enter
into home.
• Energy & Water Supply Consumption :- helps to save money.
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2. Smart Cities :-
A smart city is a technically advanced region with advance
information & communication technologies.
The IoT can be used
• To monitor the vibrations of building, bridges & monuments in case the
building material is threatened or overloaded.
• Manage traffic especially during traffic jams, peak hours, accidents &
rain.
• Manage street lights – Automatically switch them off in the presence of
sunlight & switch them on at the onset of darkness.
• Alerting the officials to empty the dust bins when filled with waste.
• Smart parking notifies users for open spaces & when the parking time is
expired.
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3. Smart Retail :-
This IoT application saves time of shoppers with the help of IoT apps,
customers do not need to stand in long queues as the checkout system can
easily read the tags from the products & deduct the total amount from the
customer’s mobile payment app.

4. Industrial Automation :-
IoT technology can automate manufacturing processes remotely.
With the help of IoT, we can manage the inventory & supply chain.
• We can diagnose if the machine require repair & maintenance.
• We can monitor the emission of toxic gases to avoid damage to workers health
& the environment.
This is possible by installing sensors inside equipment to monitor & send reports.
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5. Health & Life Style :-
The use of wearables or sensors connected to patients, allows
doctors to monitor a patient’s condition outside the hospital & in real
times.
Integration of IoT technology into hospital beds, can collect &
transfer health data like blood pressure, oxygen & blood sugar levels,
weights & ECGs. This data is stored in the cloud & can be accessed by
doctors when required.

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Smart Objects: A Definition
• A smart object is an object that enhances the interaction with other
smart objects as well as with people also.
• To add to the overall confusion, the term smart object, despite some
semantic differences, is often used interchangeably with terms such as
smart sensor, smart device, IoT device, intelligent device, thing, smart
thing, intelligent node, intelligent thing, ubiquitous thing, and intelligent
product.
• A smart object, is a device that has, at a minimum, the following four
defining characteristics.
• The Processing unit, Sensor(s) and/or actuator(s), Communication
device and Power source
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1. Processing unit:
• A smart object has some type of processing unit for acquiring data, processing
and analyzing sensing information received by the sensor(s), coordinating
control signals to any actuators, and controlling a variety of functions on the
smart object, including the communication and power systems.
• The most common is a microcontroller because of its small form factor,
flexibility, programming simplicity, low power consumption, and low cost.
2. Sensor(s) and/or actuator(s):
• It get many inputs from the environment. A smart object can have one or
multiple sensors it depends on the requirement.
• Actuators control the environment according to the requirement. They take
inputs from the controlling system and perform operation in the operating
environment accordingly smart objects can have multiple actuators according to
the requirement.
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3. Communication device:
• This allows a smart object to communicate with other objects in the
environment as well as with human beings. Though this is a smart object
gets connected to a network.

4. Power source:
• Smart object could be directly plugged into a powerline or could be
battery operated.
• Normally these have to be low powered consumption as these devices
often operate in localities where there is no powerline and also it could
be hard for human beings to easily readily objects as they could be
placed in remote areas beyond reach of humans.

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Characteristics of a Smart Object

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Trends in Smart Objects
• Size is decreasing: There is a clear trend of ever-decreasing size. Some smart objects are so small
they are not even visible to the naked eye. This reduced size makes smart objects easier to embed
in everyday objects.
• Power consumption is decreasing: The different hardware components of a smart object
continually consume less power. This is especially true for sensors, many of which are completely
passive. Some battery powered sensors last 10 or more years without battery replacement.
• Processing power is increasing: Processors are continually getting more powerful and smaller. This
is a key advancement for smart objects, as they become increasingly complex and connected.
• Communication capabilities are improving: It’s no big surprise that wireless speeds are continually
increasing, but they are also increasing in range. IoT is driving the development of more and more
specialized communication protocols covering a greater diversity of use cases and environments.
• Communication is being increasingly standardized: There is a strong push in the industry to
develop open standards for IoT communication protocols. In addition, there are more and more
open source efforts to advance IoT.
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