•

... .,
--
-
 History of m od ern shippin g

1.1 19th and first half of 20th

century,
1.2 After World War ll.

2 Classification of ships in
types.

2.1 Ships for the transport of

cargo and passengers.
Other ships.

3 Brief discussion on several

types of ships.

Multipurpose ships
Container ships
Heavy-cargo ships
3.4 Refrigerated ships
3.5 Tankers
3.6 Bulk carriers
3.7 Roll on Roll off
3.8 Cruise ships
3.9 Cattle ships
3.10 Yachts
3.1I Fishing vessels
3.12 Tugs
3.13 Icebreakers
3.14 Dredgers
3.15 Cable laying ships
3.16 Navy vessels

The "Maritime" Offshore

Introduction
The early developments
Definition of "Offshore"
Stages of Offshore activities
Brief description of offshore
units
 1. History of modern shipping
SHIP KNOWLEDGE
A M O D ER N N C Y C L O P E D IA 1.1 The development of regular service liners during the
19th and the first half of the 20th century.
SHIP WISE
The period from 1800 until the Second World War saw the rise of the regular
PALI
1 service liners. This was the result of the transport of cargo and passengers
between Europe and the colonies in the East and the West, and the increasing
THI HAP] Ol HIP
number of emigrants leaving for North America.
P6 22
2
common. Even today ' s "multi
SHIP'S TYPIS
purpose" ships do not achieve this
PAt t
44 3 level of versatility.

Tl BI H DING O \ 1IP 1.2 After World War II.

I' A6l
6 4
Classic passenger ship After some in itia l hesitation, the
O R C S ON A SHIP period after the Second World War
PG 82
5 Shipbuilding changed slowly but showed a continuous increase in
steadily to facilitate the new demands world trade and thus in sea trade. This
LAWS AND RGt I I10NS using new technologies. increase in global commerce, only
P\ Gt The main developments were: interrupted by short periods of
10 4 6
- Wood as main construction material relapse, lasts even to this day. In the
CON STR( ( [I 0N O] 1111 VA RIOU S was replaced by iron and later by beginning this resulted in more and
r t »
SLC steel. more ships, subsequently they
HON S 7 - Sailing ships were replaced by became faster and bigger. A lot of
CLOS ING ARR AG [ MI N TS steam ships and later by motor smaller ships were then taken out of
r t " 8 ships service. The modernization of
- New types of ships like tankers and shipbuilding and navigation led to the
LO ADI NG G reefers were developed. loss of many jobs in the sector.
AR - A gradual improvement in speed, After
rs 1 + 9
size and safety. the 1970's more and more universal
\ NCHO R AND MOOR I NG Gl
ships were replaced by specialized
AR In general, the big and versatile trade vessels that can carry only one type
Pu t I 9%
vessels of this period were still in use of cargo. This process had already
even as late as the 1970s. started on a much smaller scale since
Transportation of passengers, general 1900. These new vessels are:
r o : 11
cargo, oil, refrigerated cargo, heavy -Oil tankers
PROP I I SI0N AND STEER ING 6 AR
boxed parcels, animals and bulk with -Bitumen tankers
one and the same ship was very -Chemical tankers
m o =12 -Container ships
-Heavy-cargo ships
IEC I R ICA I INSTA L L A I ON S
-Cattle ships
P\ i d b i
£ -Reefers
] s .
I
MAINTI NANCI AND DOC K I NG
Pi t 20

r a 15 The Cotica, an old freighter / passenger

ship
S1AB11IT
ro - 16

CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONS
VISIT
WWW.
DOKMAR.CO Bitumen tanker A traditional multi-purpose ship,
M
Ship Knowledge, a modern encyclopedia 46
Passenger liners have been superseded 2.2 Other ships. 3 Brief discussion on
almo st entirely aeroplanes,
by
because of the la rge Fishing vessels:
several types of ships.
distances Trawlers The discussion of the vessels below
involved. However, after 1990 the Other types of fishing vessels includes a general description, dimen•
number of passenger ships that sions and other characteristics. For
specialize in luxury cruises have Vessels providing services for shipping: instance, important features for a
increased enormously. Seagoing tugs container vessel are the maximum
2 Classification of ships Harbour tugs number of containers it can carry and
in types. Icebreakers the deadweight. For a passenger liner,
Pilot vessels the deadweight is not important, but
In this overview types of vessels are Coast guard vessels the number of passengers is. A tug
categorized. It is by no means a Research vessels boat has to possess a high bollard
complete overview. Some vessels can pull, whereas that is not important for
be placed in more than one category. Salvage: a dredger.
Tugs
2.1 Ships for the of' Shear legs
transport cargo and Diving vessels
passengers Barges
Bale and unit cargo:
Container vessels Construction and infrastructure:
Heavy-cargo vessels Dredgers
Multipurpose vessels Cable layers
Cattle ships Shear legs

Refrigerated cargo: Navy:

LPG/LNG carriers Aircraft
Conventional refrigerated ships carriers
Fishing vessels Cruisers
Destroyers
Bulk cargo: Frigates
Crude carriers Submarines
Product tankers Mine sweepers
Chemical Offshore:
tankers Seismic survey vessels A navy supply vessel. Comparable to
Bulk carriers Drilling rigs/ Jack-ups cargo ship / tanker
Roll-on/Roll-off: Drilling ships
RoRo freighters Semi-submersible drilling units
Car and passenger ferries Floating (Production) Storage and
Recreation: rise Offloading vessels
ships Sa iling/motor Shuttle tankers
yachts Supply vessels
Construction vessels
A modern cruise ship

purpose support vessel (with

rane and A-frame) for the
ndurx. A FPO tanker

A wledge, a modern encyclopedia 47

3.1 Multipurpose ships. Additional characteristics.
- draught when loaded
M ultipurpose means that these - vertical clearance when loaded
vessels can transport many types of - draught when not loaded
cargo. These ships use hatchcovers - vertical clearance when not loaded.
as bulkheads as well as tweendecks in - ballast tank capacity
the hold. These hatchcovers can be
placed at varying heights and Muhi-purpose ship "Schipppersgracht" 3.2 Container ships
positions. Usually the headledges and with its own cargo gear and loading
hatch coamings are of the same dimen• rumps Since the 19 60s the transport of
sions as the holds, which makes b. Ships without cargo gear. containers has continued to grow. The
loading and discharging easier. The Ships without cargo gear specific advantage of the use of
holds are sealed with hatches using a are containers is that the cargo can
variety of systems. Cargo like wood dependent on the presence be
or containers can be carried on top of of loading transported directly from customer to
the hatches. Often the bulwark is gear in the ports and are customer, and not just from port to
therefore port. The transport by water is just a
heightened to support the containers. c. Coastal trade liners
limited in their link in the chain of transport.
In order to navigate from the sea into
employability.
Possible cargo the inland waterways, coastal Container vessels have grown from a
- containers trade capacity of 15 00 TEU (1966)
- general cargo liners have a small draught; usually to
- dry bulk cargo like grain not more then 3.60 metres, a small air approximately 8000 TEU (2002).
draught of approximately 6.5 metres The sizes of containers vary. The
- wood
and, compared to other ships of the ISO-standards distinguish the
- Cars
same size, a la rge ballast tank TEU and the FEU, which
- heavy items (project cargo)
capacity.
trade Like (also
liners inlandcalled
vessels,sea-river
coastal may differ in height.
Characteristics ships) of ten have a hydraulica lly TEU = twenty feet
- dead weight (t) equivalent
- hold capacity (m', f t ) unit. The nominal length of
- number of containers and these
their containers
20' is: = 6.10 metres.
= 20 0,305
dimensions
- maximum deck load (t/m2 )
The actual length is 1.5'(38mm)
- maximum wheelload (t)
sho rter, leaving some sp ace
- lifting capacity of cargo gear
between the containers.
M ultipurpose vessels can be sub•
divided into: Multipurpose ship. no cargo gear, with FEU = forty feet equivalent unit.
hatch cradle The nominal length o f these
- ships with cargo gear (up to 120
tons lifting capacity per crane) Loa - 89.25 m Bread th - 13.4 0 containers is :
G T . 2780 n
- ships without cargo gear
DWT-3793 t
- coastal trade liners 40' =40 0.305 = 12.20 metres.
adjustable wheelhouse . When the
A multipurpose vessel can also be ship has to pass under a bridge, the Possible Cargo
equipped with one or more ramps on wheelhouse can be lowered. Masts - containers
the side of the ship. Loading and must also be able to be lowered.
discharging can then commence Characteristics
through these ramps by forklifts. This - Maximum amount of TEUs or FEUs
is faster and less dependent on the - Amount ofTEUs or FEUs below the
weather. weather deck along with their
heights.
--------
«]

a. Ships with cargo gear.

.a.-- -. -- - Number of container tiers.
Multipurpose ships with cargo gear - Presence of cargo gear

- .
are heavier than comparable vessels --- -
- Open or closed ship.
without cargo gear. As a result their
-·
carrying capacity is less. So me Coastal wade liner There are two main types of container
vessels can not pass under a bridge Loa- 106 m Breadh- 11.40 u vessels:
because of the height of the Depth - 5.6 m Mae T - 3 .5 n a. Big interco ntinental container
cranes. vessels up to 8,400 TEU (1999)
GT-2077 DWT-2580 1ons
The advantage of such a ship is that b. Container f eeders , starting at
Mae TEUs-
she can work in ports and industrial 200
182?
zones where no cranes are available. TEU.

Ship Knowledge, a modern 48

encyclopedia
a. (Intercontinental) container ships
Container vessels are divided into
generations (see the table below).
The
big container ships can only go to
the
largest ports because of the ship's
size
Large container vessels usually do not
and
have the their
transfer
owncapacity
loadingof the
gear.
port.
After
19 9 1 ships without hatches were
built, also called cellular vessels.
Because there are no hatches it means
that water can pour into the holds
(tropical rains, seawater). Therefore
special provisions have to be made
for the bilge pumping systems. Nedlloyd America, an open cellular container ship L = 266 metres,
Advantages of cellular vessels: B = 32metres, 3,568 TEU
- more efficient cargo handling,
which reduces the lay time and These designations are: use the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal
harbour fees. is currently being deepened.
- guide rails, to keep the - Panamax ships. Ships with a width
containers in position instead of less than 32.25 metres. They have b. Container feeders
lashings. the maximum width with which Container feeders
- no hatch covers to be carried they can still pass the locks in the are small or
- high freeboard and strong Panama Canal. medium-sized
construction due to the guide rails - Post panamax ships. These ships ships starting at
are 200
too large to pass through the Panama TEU that specialize in transporting
Disadvantages:
Canal. Since 1988 container vessels cargo from small ports to large ports
- the high freeboard has an adverse
with widths exceeding 32.5 metres and vice versa, or for use in services
effect on the GT measurement of the
have been constructed. which are not profitable for the larger
vessel
- Suezmax ships have a draught of container vessels. The feeders may be
- the price is high because of the
less 19 metres, which allows them to equipped with cargo gear. Often,
amount of steel used and the
multi purpose ships are employed as
intricate engineering
container feeders.
Analogous to big tankers and bulk
carriers, container vessels can also be
classified on the basis of the passage
that is just suitable. i t t

Container feeder
Generation perio area of navigation containers vessels
I d 1966
before local services near P re - ISO . L Predominantly
the coast, USA bh = modified ships, with
Australia 35'1724 own cargo gear.
2 after 1966 Short international ISO-standard. L= 20'
services, USA, or 40'. B=8'. H= 8' Container vessels of
Europe, Australia, or 700-1500 TEU
Japan, etc.. 8'6"
3 after 1971 Long international High cube High speed container
and intercontinental containers. vessels bigger than
services H=9' and 2000 TEU.
4 after 1984 Around the globe, 9'6". Deviations Container vessels
also China, India and from bigger than 3000
African countries. ISO-standard. E.g. TEU
I 1=45' I

Ship Knowledge, a modern 49

encyclopedia
3.3 Heavy-cargo ships Characteristics cargo, for instance cars and trucks.
- Carrying capacity Compared to multipurpose vessels,
Heavy-cargo ships can be divided - Maximum deck load reefers have:
into: - Dimensions of holds and decks - smaller coamings
- semi-submersible heavy-lift ships - Lifting capacity per crane and - more tweendecks
- conventional heavy-lift ships maximum height above deck. - loading gear with a limited lifting
- dock-ships (semi-submersible) capacity of about 40 tons.

Their construction and stability Possible cargo

allows them to carry extremely large - Fruit, vegetables (cooled, chilled)
and heavy objects. The semi• - Meat, fish (frozen)
submersible ships can lo wer - General cargo
their - Containers on deck and
main deck below the waterline in sometimes
order to lift large floating objects like in the holds
drilling rigs (float on/ float off). Characteristics
- Carrying capacity
- Tonnage
- Temperature range
- Cooling and freezing capacity at
different temperatures
- Range of atmospheric co ntrol in
the
holds / airchanges per hour
Heavy ca rg o ve sse l s, also as - High sailing speed
suitable
multipurpose ships
3.5 Tankers

3.4 Refrigerated ships - Gas tankers

(reefers) Gas tankers are ships that are used to
M odern refrigerated ships are carry liquefied gas. In general. there
carrying cargo more and more in are two kinds of liquefied gases:
containers instead of on trays. - Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Refrigerated containers have a built - Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
in refrigerating system, which can be LPG largely consists of propane
Semi-submersible ship loading a drilling and
plugged in to the ship' s electricity
rig. butane with freezing points of
grid. Air is used to get rid of
the -42C
excess heat and therefore the and -0.5C at atmospheric
ventilation of the containers is very pressure
important. Refrigerated containers respectively. LNG is a
can also be transported by a regular mixture of
container vessel. methane and ethane. Under
normal
atmospheric pressure the former
has a
freezing point of -161C and the
Semi-submersible ship with the lower hut latter
of a floatin g prod tio uni fsem-sh). freezes at -88C. Other
similar
The conventional vessels are liquefied gases can also be
often trans•
fitted with loading gear, which does Refrigerated ship "S o t a L uci "
ported by these gas tankers.
not necessarily mean that the vessels witl LPG
- Heat andleaking into the tanks can
car@gen.
are able to lift heavy objects, similar
vaporize compounds
part of thecan be kept
liquid. If, as a
but liquid
result of this, the fluid level drops
When fruit is carried, not just the
when there is no heavy cargo, the temperature is being controlled, atandmoderate pressures
the free liquid and
surface increases,
vessels can function as multipurpose but also the composition of the air in tempe•
this can lead to sloshing of the
vessels. the ratures, but often higher
containers in order to control the liquid against the inside of the tank,
Possible Cargo pressures
ripening process of the fruit. An which will damage the tank wall.
- Heavy or bulky increasing number of reefers are and lower temperatures are
objects needed to
taking on general cargo as return
- Complete parts of factories keep the gases in their liquid
- Drilling rigs state.
Ship Knowledge, a modern encyclopedia
- Multipurpose / general cargo The tanks have to be well 50
insulated
because of the following two
reasons:
 bottom lines. Three or four
longitudinal pipelines with
branches
to each tank. At the end of each
branch a valve is installed . The
bottom lines are in aft direction
connected to the pumps in the pump
room, a vertical space between the
cargo tanks and the engine room. To
discharge cargo, the ship's pumps in
the pump room draw the oil from the
North West Shearwater LNG-tanker cargo tanks, and press it upwards to
the deck lines, from aft to the mani•
The la rge crude oil tankers are fold midships. Via a hose the oil is
subdivided into the following classes: pumped ashore to the receiving
- Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC) facility where the cargo ends up in a
>300,000 dwt shore tank. Needless to say that
- Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) numerous valves isolate pump s,
200.,000 - 300.000 dwt tanks, and the separate pipelines from
LPG «nker - Suez max (old max Suez draught) each other. Loading and discharging
- At the low temperatures inside the ea. 120,000 - 160,000 dwt takes some 24 to 36 hours per
tank the steel loses its toughness and - AFRA max, ca. 70,000• operation.
strength. Therefore it is very impor• 100,000 dwt Apart from the cargo pipeline system
tant that the liquid does not come there are various other cargo related
into contact with the steel. This is The large draught of the larger pipeline systems on deck and in the
exactly the reason why the tank tankers restricts the sailing routes and tanks:
walls are not strong enough to resist limits the number of ports that can be
strong sloshing of the liquid. called for loading or discharge - Inert gas system to fill up the empty
of space created while discharging with
Gas tankers are often steam cargo.
turb ine inert gas. (a gas with no oxygen) in
ships, the boil-off of the cargo can be order to prevent explosions. Oil will
used as fuel for the boilers. (boil-off is not burn as long as the percentage
gas evaporated from the cargo in of
order to maintain a low temperature) oxygen stays below 5%. Inert gas is
Possible cargo also used to slow down corrosion of
-LNG ballast tanks when they are not
- LPG treated with paint. This still occurs
- Similar liquefied gases. on some older tankers. During the
loading inert gas is discharged into
Characteristics the atmosphere.
- Tank capacity (m?) - Tank wash system used to remove
- Minimum allowed tank wall deposits from the inside tank wall
€de oil tanker before repairs, docking or reloading.
temperature
GRT- 156.3u6 - 104- 32Ku
- Maximum ullage in the tanks
- Time needed for loading and dis• Breadth: S 7m- T: 20.
( ( a t 2 4.6 )
charging
Deadweight ( s u m e r ) : 291,01. us

- Crude oil tankers Crude oil tankers receive the ir

Crude oil tankers cargoes through pipes from shore
are used to carry facilities or from a single mooring » e e
w i i 0 I d
%

the buoy, via a hose or via a flexible

4

crude oil from a pipeline arm mounted on the jetty.

loading port near
The hose or hoses is/are temporarily
an
oil field or from connected to transverse pipes on
the end of a deck, at mid le ngth, the so-called
pipeline manifold. The oil is pumped on board
have
to a arefinery.
limited Innumber of tanks, by shore pumps. From the transverse
general, these tely
usually approxima tanks plus lines, the oil goes to dropline s,
vessels
I5 vertically down into the ship, to the
are slop
two verytanks.large.
The carrying
capacity
Ship Kno wl edge, a mo dern 51
enc yclop ed ia
of these crude oil
tankers has risen
- A system for the temperature control
of sloptanks. Usually crude is not
heated during the voyage.
- The ballast system is completely
separated from the cargo system.
When a large ship like a crude- --- . ...._
oil
tanker is damaged by collision or
l
grounding, vast amounts of oil
can
regulations now require that such
leak intoa double
vessels have the hull.
ocean.
Therefo re,
Product Tanker in Panama
Possible cargo Canal
- Crude oil
This ensures that in case of leakage
Characteristics from one of the tanks, the crew and
- Carrying capacity (tons) environment are not subjected to
- Tank volume (m) danger.
- Discharging speed (m/h) To prevent mixing of incompatible
- Maximum laden draught (m) cargoes, a cofferdam separates tanks
with different contents. A cofferdam Chemical Tanker

- Product tankers
is a small empty space fitted with a 3.6 Bulk carriers
Product" refers to the products of sounding apparatus, a bilge connec•
refineries and the petrochemical tion and ventilation.
Bulk carriers are ships especially
industries instead of crude-oil. The size of chemical tankers
designed to carry loose cargo in bulk.
varies between 2500 and 23.000
Product tankers have a large There are three types of bulk carriers:
GT. The number of tanks in
number a. Handy size, 30,000 tons
transverse direction varies between
of tanks with a total carrying dead weight, often with own
3 for tankers up to 6000 tons and 6
capacity of approximately 50,000 cargo gear. Cargo: precious ore,
for larger tankers.
tons. The piping systems on a sand, scrap, clay, grain and forest
product tanker are different from Possible cargo products
the systems in crude oil tankers. - Acids b. Panamax, 80,000 tons
Normally every tank has its own - Bases dead
filling and discharge line to the - Alcohol weight, no cargo
manifold and its own cargo pump. - Edible oils gear. Cargo: grain
Possible cargo - Chlorinated alkanes and ore
- Oil products like gasoline, - Amines carriers are 160,000
Bulk Capesize,
c. tons dead
usually discharged
kerosene, naphtha, diesel oil, - Monomers weight,
by grabs or by suction pipes. Pouring
lubricating oil, bitumen - Petrochemical no cargo gear. Cargo: coal, ore.
the cargo through a shooter or via a
- Vegetable oil products conveyor belt does the loading. Bulk
- Wine Characteristics carriers have large upper and lower
- Drinking water - Carrying capacity ballast tanks to give the empty vessel
Characteristics - Number of tanks enough draught and a better beha•
- Carrying capacity (t) - Tank coating / Stainless steel viour whilst in transit.
- Total volume and volume per tank (m')
- State of tank wall surfaces

3.5 Chemical tankers

There are very strict

requirements
and regulations
because for chemical
of the toxicitytankers
and
flammability of the typical chemical
cargo. All cargo tanks are
separated from:
- the shell by a ballast tank
- the engine room bulkhead by a
cofferdam
- the forepeak bulkhead by a
cofferdam.

Ship Knowledge, a modern encyclopedia 52

 Small Ro-Ro freighter with vehicles in the
holds and on the main deck

Possible cargo
- Trucks
- passengers
- cars
An ore ca r rie r being d isch a rg e d by a - trains
ligh ter - trailers (with containers)
Ships transporting ore have a special ramps in the side or stern which also
design. Ore is very heavy, (stowage function as a driveway. Because the Characteristics
factor is approximately 0.5 m/t) and ramps may not be deformed too - number of cars or trucks
thus ships only need small holds to be much, RoRos are equipped with an - lane length
loaded completely. To prevent a too antiheeling system which automatically - height between decks
large stability the holds must not be distributes water between two op• - number of passengers
situated too low or too close to the posing ballast tanks. To prevent the - carrying capacity
sides of the ship. Some bulkcarriers cargo from moving in bad weather,
can also function as a tanker. This the vehicles are fa stened using a 3.8 Cruise ships
combination carrier is called an Ore lashing system. During loading and
Bulk Oil (0BO) carrier. discharging additional ventilation is Except in some archipelagos areas, as
required to get rid of the the Philippines and Indonesia, the
Possible cargo exhaust traditional passenger liners have
- Coal fumes. disappeared. International and inter•
- Ore continental transport of passengers is
- grain and other agricultural now almost completely done by
products aircraft. The modern cruise ships are
- fertiliser used for making luxurious holiday
- cement trips to distant countries and ports. On
- light minerals board there is a whole range of
Characteristics Ro-ko carrier facilities for relaxation like
- Carrying capacity (t) swimming pools, cinemas, bars,
- Cargo volume (m?) - Ro-Ro car and passenger ferries casinos, theatres etc.
Almost all ferries transport both
3. 7 Roll on Roll off passengers and vehicles, whether Possible cargo
they - passengers
- Ro-Ro carriers are navigating inland
To facilitate the waterways or Characteristics
transport of the oceans and se as. The - maximum number of passengers
mobile vessels
- number of cabins according to size,
cargo, Ro-Ro usually shuttle between two ports
luxury and location on the ship.
vessels have on a
continuous very tight schedule. The
passengers Without exception, these vessels are
decks, spanning
the entire drive their own cars on board equipped with very good air
length of via a conditioners. Stability fins limit the
vessels
the ship.have
As been
a sharpened in the ramp, which is either part of the rolling to 2. ultimately 4 .
result
last of fewthisyears
the (2003) by the ship, Even
vessel
requirement of division doors. placed on the quay, or a modern cruise ships with sails have
loses its combination no noticeable list when sailing. The
stability
The tweendecks of these ships are of these two . Ferries have the number of persons on board can be as
rapidly if same high as 4000; the crew is half or two
often
water adjustable in height. Loading
and discharging proceeds via the type of decks as the Ro-Ro third that number.
enters the decks carriers,
after a collision and therefore they face the same
or a
Ship Knowledge, a modern problems when water floods 53
burst side door.
encyclopedia the
In connection
decks.
with
 The building of large luxurious motor
and sailing yachts is very similar to
the building of commercial ships, but
with more emphasis on the finish and
appearance.

Large yachts with a leng th of 25

metres and over are also called Mega•
yachts.

Possible cargo
- none or some passengers

Characteristics
- dimensions
- total sail area and nature of the
rigging
Navigating through unknown territories on a luxury
- motor power
ship
Characteristics - number of cabins and number
3.9 Cattle ships - total deck area ( m l of
Cattle ships transport livestock such - stable system berths
as sheep from Australia to the Far - floor system - luxury
East, and cows from Northwest - manure system - seaworthiness
Europe to the Mediterranean. The 3.11 Fishing vessels
holds are set up as stables. The silos 3.10 Yachts
with fodder are located at the main or - Trawlers
lo wer deck. Sheep are often fed Yachts can be distinguished as motor Trawlers
automatically, while cows are fed yachts and sailing yachts with an are
semi-automatically: the feed is auxiliary motor. These vessels are fishing
vessels
mechanically moved from the silo to purchased by and used for:
which
the deck where it is then distributed to - private individuals for use in leisure
drag their
the animals by mean of wheel• time; these yachts have a length of nets
barrows. A network of conveyor belts IO to 20 metres. through
and lifts dumps the manure - Wealthy persons who use the yacht the water.
overboard. A proper air conditioning as their (temporary) domicile, In
is required: at least 45 air changes per either for leisure or for pelagic
hour are necessary. To achieve a low representative purposes; fishery.
the nets
stability cattle ships are very slender - Companies which use the yachts for
are sus•
ships. This prevents the animals from representative purposes; these
pended
breaking their legs when the ship yachts have a length of between
experiences rolling. The slender approximately 15 metres or more. the water
shape of the fore ship also prevents - Private individuals or companies surface
too much pitching. who buy the yacht for races. and the
- Large yachts used in chartering; the seabed. In
Possible cargo length of these yachts starts at bottom
- Livestock like cows, sheep, approximately 15 metres. fishery,
goats, the
camels, horses etc. net is
dragged
over the
seabed,
Seaworthy sailing yacht. length l5 metres
which

Cale Ship Motor yacht, length metres

Ship Knowledge, a modern encyclopedia 54

requires additional powe r, especially Possible cargo
if the nets are equipped with - Frozen fish, or crustaceans
disturbing chains to churn up the sea - Cooled fish (in crushed ice)
floor. The construction and
equip• Characteristics
ment of these fishing vessels strongly - nature of the vessel
depend on the fishing method and the - fishing methods applied
species oftypes
important fish of
aime d at. are
trawlers The the - engine power
most
cutter and the stern trawler. - refrigerating capacity
- volume of fish holds
Possible cargo - methods of processing and storing
- cooled fish (in crushed ice) fish
- frozen fish or shell-fish 3.12 Tugs
Characteristics
- engine power - Seagoing tugs
- volume of fish holds A common
- transport temperature characteristic
- freezing capacity of all
- method of fish processing tugboats is
- method of refrigerating and freezing their low aft Escort Tug
deck. This
- the fish winch and net drum
guarantees
- possible fishing methods highly manoeuvrable and therefore
that the
towing line often have azimuthing thrusters.
has
some - Harbour tugs
freedom
The towing of winch is of great Harbour tugs are used in ports, inland
movement.
importance because it has to be able waterways and coastal areas for:
The
to transfer the to tal of the - assisting and towing vessels in
point
force of
and out of ports
application of
propeller to the towing line. - assisting seagoing tugs when these
the force in
Seagoing tugs are used for:
the are towing a bulky object
-towing
salvage line - salvaging, or assisting in salvage
Trawler engaged in trawl fishing. - towing be
must in
Speed -located
anchor close
handling in the ports or coastal areas.
whilst fishing is approximately 3 knots, tooffshore - fighting fires and environmental
whilst not fishing. the speed can be 12 the midships
industry disasters.
kno t s. The leng th of the ne ts ca n in such a way service
- environmental - Keeping ports free of ice
that
- shipsthe with engine trouble
force has no Characteristics
be between 6l) and S t metres and the
Partly
influencecompleted
on ships, flo ating - Power installed
lines
wrecks,
the docks, drilling rigs and other - bollard pull: this is the towing force
cam he 0l) to 6bl
metres. large floating
manoeuvrabilit objects that have to be at zero velocity
y.
relocated can be towed by tugboats. - salvage pump capacity
Ever since the introduction of semi• - fire fighting equipment
submersible heavy lift carriers, long - means of fighting pollution
distance to wing is used less often as
a
method of transport. Coastal states
often use seagoing tugs to avert an
- Other fishing vessels imminent environmental disaster.
Non-trawling vessels - Escort tugs
can range from Escort tugs
a simple craft are used to
deploying a net to escort
fishing vessels which (large)
can lay out nets ships along
which are several dangerous
kilom etres in passages.
length, waiting for They
the fish to sw im have been
into the net. Typical developed
examples are: after a The "Tee llha nk is assisting a
number L C(
seiners, tuna clippers,
crab boats, etc. of serious
Ship Knowledge, a modern encyclopedia (tanker) 55
accidents in
recent
 3.14 Dredgers

- Trailing hopper suction dredger

Trailing hopper suction dredgers
are
used to maintain or deepen
channels
and fairways and for
construction of
artificial islands. These vessels
are
usually equipped with two
adjustable
suction pipes, which drag
over the
Cargo vessel with icebreaker sten
bottom to dredge. Dredging
pumps in
the holds or in the suction pipes
pump
a mixture of water and material
from
the sea floor into the holds. Till
now
(2003) they are able to dredge
to a

•
depth of 155 m. The holds are
called
• • . h a r e hoppers. The solid material
precipi•
1

- - s f
-
- r e c
, tates in the hopper; the excess
water
the bow. When the vessel navigates
The same cargo vessel in ice
flows overboard.
towards the direct Invicinity
order to of the
3.13 Icebreakers wear resistance of the steel in dredge
dumpinginlocation. the discharging
the adverse
can also weather,
be done theusing suction the
lcebreakers are similar to tugboats; shell and the propeller is subject to pipes are spray
nozzle, located on the fore end. This
they are often fully equipped for high requirements. Ice is usually suspended
is from specialIncranes,
called rainbowing. both cases
broken by sailing the sloping bow on which
towing and salvaging. the solid precipitate is mixed with
the ice, until the weight of the fore• operate with heave
Their main function is to cut a water so that pumps can be used.
compensation.
channel through an ice-sheet at sea, in ship breaks the ice. Some icebreakers When the ship reaches the exact
This ensures that the suction
a port, a river or other inland water• have nuclear propulsion. dumping location, the cargo is
nozzles
ways. Obviously these ships have to Characteristics discharged
stay in contactthrough
with the bottom flaps.
the seabed.
he able to resist floating ice. The fore - engine power The load
When the vessel is then is clumped
at its
ship is especially reinforced and - bollard pull instantaneously.
(plimsoll) To facilitate this way
the material used must have a very - shape of h
t e fore-ship, this is of discharging,
mark, it will navigatesome small
to the dis• hopper
high impor- tant for the method of suction
chargingdredgers
site. The are constructed
discharging as
can be
impact value. The shell must be free icebreaking. done with pressure, using the dred•
of protrusions because floating ice - total mass of the ship, this is ging pumps and the pressure lines at
will rip these off immediately. important for the ability to penetrate
There is hardly a paint strong enough the ice.
to resist the forces invo lved
in
icebreaking. For the same reason the

veiling hopper scrun dredge

icebreaker is clearing a pasxgewa' for length =l67 u e t e

a freigher breathh e,lee Raibowing
ca rrying e@parity = 3t6KM)
Ship knowledge, a modern ton 56
encyclopedia
two hinged port and starboard halves,
which separate when the load is
discharged. These vessels are called
split rail suction dredgers

Possible cargo
- sand
- gravel
- stratum or clayish soil
I
- (port) mud
I I

ties,
Characteristics z
- pump capacity
- depth range
- hold volume (the largest is 13,000
=
m) .=S «
- carrying capacity

A cable ship

transport the material over larger bination with DP and OT (dynamic

distances. Cutter suction dredgers are positioning and tracking).
never equipped with a hopper.
split rail dredger
Possible cargo
- Cutter suction dredgers Characteristics - new cables
For tougher types of the kind - torque and cutter power - old cables
soils, cannot be simply sucked up,
that - pump power - repair equipment
cutter suction dredgers are used. - presence of propulsion
These vessels rake the seabed with a - presence of transverse propellers Characteristics
rotating cutter and are often used in - length and maximum depth of - carrying capacity (t)
the development of new ports and suction head - engine power
new waterways. Cutter suction - details of DP/DT installation
dredgers can be equipped with their 3.15 Cable laying ships.
own means of propulsion, but this is
not always the case. Spud poles are a. Cable laying ships
used to temporarily fix the vessels. Cable laying ships
The dredgers then move in a swinging are vessels, which
motion to deepen the bottom. The can lay one or more
loosened soils are washed away cables on the sea
through a dredging pump and a floor. If the
distance exceeds
floating discharge pipeline to the soil
the
destinatio n. The soil can also be
length of one
pumped into a barge that ca n cable, multiple
cables
have to be joined A cahte shin
together on board
of
their positions on the map. 3.16 Navy vessels
the ship. These
Furthermore, during the joining of the
vessels
cables, are
thefully
vessel must be able to - Aircraft carriers
equipped for this
keep its position. For these reasons, Aircraft carriers
task. The ships also are medium-size
cable ships are always equipped with
Cutter suction dredger moving around u have the ability to
multiple
to repair adjustable,
broken and often also
spud pole azi m uthing, propellers in com• large vessels
cables. Crucial in suitable for
the cable laying aircraft and
Ship Knowledge, a modern process is that the helicopters to 57
encyclopedia positions of the land on and take
cables on the sea off
floor correspond to from.
- CTOL (Conventional Take Off and attack a target fully
Landing) Aircraft carriers usually automatically.
need catapults, driven by steam Frigates are often equipped with a
power to allow the aircraft to take helicopter landin g platform. The
off and an angled deck with brake• ships have a length of about
cables to recover the landing aircraft. 130
metres and a crew of 150. The vessels
are lightweight, highly manoeuvrable
ships with a large propulsion
power Suhmarine
(gas turbines) divided over two
- Nuclear-powered Attack Sub•
engine rooms. At a speed of 30 knots
marine. (SSN) Large submarines
they can come to a complete stop
between 70 and 150 metres armed
within 1.5 ship-lengths.
with:
An aircraft carrier - torpedoes. against surface
vessels
- STOVL (Short take-off and vertical and submarines
landing) aircraft carriers are smaller - underwater-to-surface missiles
than CTOLs. They use a sort of ski• (USM) against surface vessels
jump for greater lift during take- -cruise missiles against land-based
off targets
and do not have the auxiliaries that - General purpose Diesel-Electrie
CTOLs have. Submarines (SSK-SSC)
- Cruisers Small to medium submarines armed
Cruisers with torpedoes and USMs. The
mostly propulsion is provided by propellers
have a getting their power from large
displacem batteries (accumulators). In order to
own. Tasks are surveillance,
ent
blocking, protection of convoys and Frigate recharge the batteries with their
of more
supporting diesel generators, SSKs/SSCs have
than I large fleets
0,000 - Corvettes to snorkel (submarine at periscope
tons and Corvettes depth) at regular intervals.
are have a - Fast Attack Craft (FAC)
sufficientl displacem FACs have a
y armed ent of 700 displacement of less
to operate to 2000 than 700 tons, a speed of
on their tons and 25 knots or
are well
more and are designed for
armed.
fast hit-and
They are
run tactics within a
best - OITshore Patrol Vessel
range of 10 0
Crier equipped (OPV)
to act in miles
Ships from
with the coast.
a displacement of approx.
- Destroyer regional 700 tons that can patrol the waters
operations of
A
and are the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
destroyer
seldom for an extended period of tim e.
is smaller Corette for
than a used Usually an OPV is lightly armed and
cruiser long-range
- Submarines equipped with a he lico pter
but is also d eck
operations.
Submarines are hard to detect and
fitted to which enhances their patrolling
operate therefore very popular in the navies - Mine Counter Measure Vessels
capabilities.
-Frigates
independe worldwide. (MCMV)
Frigates
ntly. These Types are: An MCMV is any vessel that
are multi•
very - Ballistic Missile Nuclear Submarine is
versatile
functional (SSBN), large subma rines (12 0-17 0 designed to locate and destroy mines.
warships
warships metres) armed with ballistic The main types are:
.designed to
missiles. These vessels are part of - Mine hunters (MHS). These
They
fight the strategic nuclear deterrence vessels are equipped with several
are
submarines types of mine detecting sonars.
force of the superpowers. They
suitable
and surface They usually have a Remotely
can
for vessels
air Operated Vehicle (ROY) for
defe nce, stay below the surface for
and to months if investigation of a sonar
anti-
escort
submari necessary.
convoys.
Ship Knowledge, a modern encyclopedia 58
ne
warfare
and
 contact and the delivery of a mine 4.2 The early developments
destruction charge.
- Fleet minesweeper (MSF). This In the early years of 1800 whale oil
type of vessel is capable of towing was used for illumina tio n
means to sweep anchored as well as and
bottom mines with acoustic, lubricating purposes. Around the year
magnetic or pressure ignition. I850 this oil became very scarce and
expensive as whales in the USA
waters had nearly been hunted to
extinction. As a consequence people
were anxious to find alternatives.
Around these times an oil well near
Titusville, Pennsylvania was
found
Two hydrographic survey ships where oil spontaneously came to the
surface of the land. It literally leaked
4. The "Maritime" Offshore out of the rocks which inspired a man
Mine hunter named Colonel Drake to recover this
4.1 Introduction "r ock oil and sell it as an
• Amphibious ships. inexpen•
Vessels designed to As our world continues to expand sive substitute for whale oil. Proper
deliver an in recovery of the oil by simply
amphibious force population and the use of energy collecting from trenches did not work
to a coastal consuming applications is ever out well. This finally - aft er
operation area. some
growing and growing, this makes us
Embarked years of trial and error - resulted
more than ever dependent on
land ing in
"energy'. As a consequence, nowa•
craft or helicopters 1859 in the early technique of drilling
- Landing craft. days oil and gas are still our most
will be used for to collect the oil from its point of
Landing craft of important source of energy.
disembarkation origin, initially at a depth of
are
the force.smaller
There Within the world of oil and gas, 21
than Crude oil is called "P etrole um" .
are many types of metres.
amphibious ships.
Amphibious Petroleum is a combination of the
craft, designed In 18 97, this was followed
Greek word PETRA and the Latin by
to sail
word OLEUM. Petroleum", literally extensive
Exactly 50 successful drilling
years later on the
on the 4th of
towards a beach
and allow means "ROCK OIL " . Crude oil beach
Novemberand 1947
extended to approximately
the first real offshore
vehicles, actually comes from rocks (the oil is 90 was
oil metres in out
found the ofocean on land
sight of the in
troops and entrapped within rock formations and coastline
the of Mexico,
Gulf of South Carolina,
9 seamilesthe first
equipment to the different layers of rocks). Most of steps to offshore
offshore activities!
in a water depth of as little as
leave the
Support vessels. the oil and gas is found within the so• 6 metres. From then on over the last
ship via
Ships a ramp
like: called Sandstone and Lime stone 50 years progress has been revolu•
at the bow of layers. According to scientists, tionary. Offshore oil and gas develop•
the ship. oil
• Intelligence collection ships (AGI). A ments are now taking place in over 40
They can not and gas come from the remains of
ship designed to gather information countries, hundreds of kilometres
operate in
on other ships and coastal installa• plants and (minuscule) animals that from the shore in ever-increasing
rough
tions in otherandcountries. lived and died in the sea, millions of waterdepths.
conditions
•areReplenishment
usually Oiler (A.OR). years ago. As time passed, large
This
transported amounts of sediment covered the 4.3 Definition of "Offshore"
ship
to thecan area
carryofwater, stores, fuel and organic material. The increasing
operation in an
ammunition and can supply these weight of these overlaying sediments The word "Offshore" in the Oil and
amphibious
goods at sea. resulted in tremendous pressure and Gas Industry refers to industrial
-ship.
Hydrographic survey ship (AGS). A heat on the organic material buried activities in open sea, starting from
vessel used to survey the bottom of below and transformed this organic the search (exploration) of oil and gas
the sea to make charts for navigation. material during millions of years into to production (exploitation) and
- Oceanic Research Ship (AGOR). oil and gas. Parallel to this process the transporting them to the shore.
This surrounding
formed into organic material
sedimentary rocktrans•
e.g.
vessel gathers information about the sand- and limestone. The Offshore is part of an
physical and biological qualities of industry
the sea. that actually designs, builds and
- Rescue and Salvage Ship (ARS). operates the offshore structures to
Comparable to a seagoing tug, with allow the execution of offshore
the equipment for fire fighting. activities.

Shin nowledge, a modern encyclopedia 5

9
4.4 Stages of Offshore activities

The table below briefly highlights the main activities of Offshore and of the vessels / units in use to facilitate the
availability of "Oil & Gas".

Item Activity Vessel/unit in operation

a searching for seismic seismic survey vessels
b oil surveying 1. Jack-up drilling rigs, see note 1
finding it exploration 2. Drilling vessels (ship shape) see note
1
C building the production facilities construction and installation of the 3. Semi-submersible drilling units
production platform/unit 1. Crane vessels
2. Offshore barges
d developing the field driling and completing the 3. Heavy lift carrier
production wells and 1. Jack-up drilling rigs
interconnecting the production 2. Semi-submersible drilling units
wells with the production facility 3. Pipelaying barges or pipelaying
e getting the hydrocarbons to the - production vessels
surface and processing at the - depressurization and 1. Fixed platforms
surface separation 2. Tension leg platforms
in oil, gas and water fractions 3. FPSOs (Floating Production
Storage and Offloading Vessel)
4. FSOs (Floating Storage and
Offloading Vessel)
5. Production jack-ups or semi-subs
6. Subsea installations
f 7. Others, see note 2
bringing 'the product' to the shore transportation
1. Shuttle tankers
2. Pipelines, laid at the seabed by
g Support - Supply and services pipelaying vessels, see note 3
- Maintenance and 1. Suppliers, crewboats, anchor
- repair handlers
Watch keeping 2. Diving and Multipurpose
support
vessels
resulting in all kinds of - 3. Standby
S-lay and chase
pipelaying vessels
vessels (shallow
Notes: different and deep water)
1. The type of vessel / unit to be used types of production facilities such as: - J-lay pipelaying vessels
depends on the water depth. - SALM (Self Anchoring Leg (deep water).
Due to the limited length of the Mooring system) - Reel-lay pipelaying vessels
legs of the jack-up drilling rigs, - SALS (Self Anchoring Leg (small diameter)
these rigs are limited in their System) Technical aspects
drilling operations to a maximum - Spar (A very large spar buoy with All technical aspects as for
of 120 to production and storage facility) ordinary ships in the
150 metres water depth; however - SPM (Single Point Mooring designing and engineering
in general preferred for use by System) process are applicable such as
clients because of their stable - Satellite Platform (Unmanned) strength, stability, hydro•
work platform. Within and above 3.The technique of laying pipes on dynamical behaviour, freeboard,
the operational limitations of the the seabed in extended water safety etc., additionally augmented
jack• ups the semi-submersible depth has drastically improved by the specific technical
drilling rigs may be used. and as a consequence more and requirements within the offshore
Depending on the distance to the more really "h igh-tech" pipe- application. Certification aspects
shore base and the expected sea laying units emerge and are Based on the applicable
state conditions, the ship shaped successfully operating. To allow specific tasks, Classification
drilling vessel is a good alternative. the instal• Societies and National Authorities
2.The technique to get the lation of pipelines in open sea the have imposed additional Rules,
hydro• following pipelaying vessels Regulations and Requirements as a
carbons
expandingto the
oversurface
the islast
rapidly
years, are applied: basis for certi• fication and safe
working conditions. See also chapter
6.
Ship Knowledge, a modem 60
encyclopedia
4.5 Brief description of offshore I. Drill floor with windwall
units. (See table on the left) 2. Cantilever
3. Drilling derrick
a. Seismic Survey vessel 4. Jacking system house
The purpose of a Seismic Survey
vessel is to produce de tailed
information for oil companies as a
basis for actual production drilling.

This information is the result of

the
evaluated refl ected sound waves
in
the sea floor. To obtain these results
sound waves are initiated by the
vesse l by means of air guns, the
reflections are collected by a num ber
of detectors within lo ng cables
(so
called streamers) towed by the vessel.

5. Pipe storage house

6. Board crane
7. Supply / stand-by vessel
• Jack-up legs (rack & pinion system)
Accommo dat ion / helideck/ lifeb oa t
9) ,
station s
Jack-up rig in drilling mode, suitable for arctic
conditions

Seismic survey vessel in operation

b.1 Jack-ups
The Jack-up
drilling rig
(often
shortened
to "J ack-
up" or
"Drilling
rig" is used
for
exploration
drilling in
approx. IO
metres to
max. 150
metres
water depth.
The Jack-up I. Drilling derrick 7. Leg
barge is a 2. A-frame 8. Deck crane
triangulary 3. Crown block 9. Accommodation
or a 4. Monkey board 10. Helideck
rectangularl 5. Drill floor 11. Deck incl. tanks & workspaces
y shaped 6. Jacking gear & jack houses 12. Cantilever, supporting the
barge that derrick.
is towed
to the
Ship Knowledge, a modern 6I
work
encyclopedia
locatio n. At
the
b.2 Drilling ship
A ship-shaped
drilling ship is
used for
drilling
exploration and
production
A modern drill ship can obtain an
wells in
medium tospeed
average deep of 14 knots in
transit
water (from
with a high
150 to 3000drilling
metres equipment storage
water depth).
capacity. The vessel is ideal for
drilling consecutive wells in different
parts of the world.
To maintain position during drilling
operations the ships are either anchor Drill ship I. Drilling derrick
moored
on dynamicin an anchor pattern or(DP),
positioning rely 2. Dri II floor
depending on the water depth. 3. Riser and pipe storage
4. Supply handling board crane
5. Accommodation / helideck/
lifeboat stations

b.3 Semi-submersible drilling unit

A semi-submersible drilling
unit is
used for drilling the
exploratio n and
production wells in 15 0 -
2,500 m
water depth.
positioned vessels can operate
Anchored units ca n operate in
independent of water depth (up
max.
to
1500 m water depth.
around the year 2000 drilling was
Dynamically
performed in max. 2,300 m water
depth).
An important advantage of the semi•
submersible type in comparison with
the ship-shaped type drilling vessel is
the better motion behaviour of the
unit in harsh environments which can
give an extended working window
Semi-submersible drilling unit in drydock

I. Drilling derrick A dynamically positioned (D.P.)

2. Deck vessel uses its propellers, rudders,
3. Columns tunnel thrusters and/or
4, Blisters azimuthing
5. Cross brace thrusters to stay on position. A
6. Diagonal brace control system continuously

!
7. Anchor racks
determines the required thrust
8. Anchor winches
vector based on information from
(on corner edges) s %I
2
a position reference system, like
9. Lifeboat station ir l 3 radio or hydro-acoustic
I0. M.O.B. Boat
I Deck cranes beacons
J. Floater or (D) GPS.
12. Sponson (addional
13 buoyancy)
.
semi submersibte at operational draught

Ship Knowledge, a modern encyclopedia 62

c.l I f.2 Crane vessels
These are semi-
submersible barges or
vessels, equipped
with one or two
heavy-duty offshore
cranes. The

ij
largest crane vessels
are the Semi•
Submersible Crane
Vessels (SSCY).
The maximum
hoisting capacity is
l
today (2003) 7.000
The
tonnesbase of the platform (called
jacket)
per crane.
The vesselseither
is
aused for transpor•
are launched from .
barge
tation or lifted and
onto the sea-bed by the l
crane vessel prior
installation to installation of the
of large
topside
modulesmodules. After installation of
(weighing
up to
the 12.000
jacket it is firmly connected to the
tonnes) by steel
seabed of piles,
fixed that are driven
offshore platforms.
down by large hydraulic hammers
suspended from the offshore cranes.
More recently the crane vessels are
also used for the removal of offshore
platforms when the oil/gas reservoirs
are depleted. Some crane vessels also
have pipelaying facilities.

D a l p urpose semi- crane

subme r sible I. J-lay tower
vessel for heavy lifting/installation and
2. 3,000 tonnes crane
(J-lay) pipe laying
3. 4,000 tonnes crane
4. Crane A-frame
5. Jib
6. Storage barge
7. Supply vessel/ tugboat
8. Accommodation/ helideck / life•
boat stations
9. Pipe storage rack

Module:
On top of a jacket, various items
are to be fitted and
interconnected.
These parts are pre-
fabricated as far as
practicable, and as squarely
as possible, so that, when
pla ced on top o f the jacket,
and after fixing them
permanently to the
struc ture of the jacket, only
connections between these
Crane wesse' installingfiread pfasrwms items have to be made.
These pre•
fabricated structures, often box•
shaped are called MODULES.
The weight of each module
is limited by the weight the
availabl e offsh ore crane unit
Ship Knowledge, a modern can handle. 63
encyclopedia
 e.1 Fixed Production
Platforms.
Fixed Production Platforms
are
prefabricated onshore,
transported on
barges to their final
production
locations at sea and
subsequently
they are installed and completed
- steel jacket or concrete substructure
to
-facilitate
deck the actual oil / gas
-produc•
modules
-tion.
drilling
The derrick
platform can be
subdivided
- helideck
-into the following
flareboom main
components:
Most platforms stand in water depths
varying from approx. 20 m to 150 m.
The highest jacket ever built was for
a water depth of 412 m.

Jacket structure on its

fi na l launching &
installation

Fixed production platform

e.2 Tension Leg Platform (TLP) I. internal turret (riser connections of

The Tension Leg Platform is flowlines coming from the seabed
used for 2. flare boom [ LP on loca tion co nn ec ted to
drilling and production 3. topsides the
purposes. The 4. accommodation / helideck / oilwelts, giving its oil to the temporarily
unit resembles a semi lifeboat stations moored shule tankers. Water depth 50
submersible 5. offloading hose metre
drilling unit and is attached to 6. shuttle tanker
the sea
floor with tensioned steel
cables. The
buoyancy of the platform
applies
tension to the cables. The
advantage
of the TLP is the economical
aspect
e.3 FPSOin (Floating Production
comparison
Storage andwith the fixed
Offloading vessel)
platforms,
An FPSO is a floating unit, which is
specifically
installed on for deeper
or in water. of an
close vicinity
In
oil case
or gas field for receiving,
the production
treatment, storage and in offloading
a of
particular field
oil and/or gas to a shuttle tanker. It is
goes down,
connected this platform
directly can
with the oil/gas
be re•
reservoir below.
used in other locations.

[ PSNO with shuttle tanker

behind

Ship Knowledge, a modern encyclopedia 64

Note: an FSO (Floa•
ting Storage and
Offloading vessel)
has in principle the GAS COMPRESSOR TURBINES
POWER GENERATOR GAS
sa me function TURBINES FUEL GAS
SY9IE
with the exception of WIPUAP TURBINE

the "treatment" (no

BOILER
,,,,.,:;;:,m

A.i
OIL'GAS/WATER
SEPARATION
pro• cess installation
r
n
on board) and is
connec• ted to a

?
production facility.

•
WELL
« STREAM
+ FL,up
Schematic view of the process and storage on board an FPSO with an external
turret
f.I. Shuttle tankers
In the absence of a
pipeline from the
production
facility to the
shore
terminal a shuttle
tanker is needed
to
Photo of shuttle
take over tanker:
the oil
I. Bow loading
cargo from the station incl. temporary
mooring arrangement to FPSO
FPSO
2.
or Cargo
FSOlines on
location
3. Helideck for
transportation
4. Accommodation
to Tanks
5. the below
shoredeck.
terminal.
f.2 Pipelaying barges / semisubs /vessels
For the installation of subsea oil and
gas pipelines anchor moored or
dynamically positioned flat bottom
barges, semi-submersibles or ship- Shule tanker in dry dock
shaped vessels are use d. Many
of
these pipelaying barges have a heavy•
duty crane for installation work. Pipes
are supplied to the pipelaying
vesse l
by pipe-supply carriers. Cranes on the
pipelaying vessel unload the carrier
and hoist the joints into temporary
pipe-storage racks. On the main deck
a complete pipe joining and coating
factory is provided. After welding the
pipe jo ints, non-destructive testing
(NDT) is executed prior to transpor•
ting the joined pipes horizontally over
the firing line to the pipe stinger (used
in shallow and deep water, max 1600
m) . The stinger extends out-
S-lay pipelaying vessel with crane barge alongside
board
over the stern of the pipelaying barge
and functionsa modern
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S-lay pipelaying vessel on DP with pipe supplier alongside S-lay pipelaying vessel on DP working near a Jack-up platform

outrigger that allows for the lowering

of the pipe line onto the seabed. This
process is controlled by means of pipe
tensioners (varying in capacity from
40 - 250 tons.) For deep water (over
1000 m water depth) installation of
subsea pipelines a J-lay tower is
used.
This J-lay tower is and
upended and
allows welding, coating, NOT Th
lowering in a vertical manner. e
shape of theresembles
the seabed pipe whena lowered ont
hockey stick
(hence the designation J-lay). o

g.la Platform Supply Vessel (PSV)

Used for the supply of fuel, drilling
mud, fresh water, (drilling) equip• Combined Reel-Lay and J-Lay pipelaying vessel
ment and pipes to or from offshore
platforms or other vessels (e.g. supply
I. J-lay tower/ Reeling ramp 4. Board crane 400 ton capacity
of pipes to pipelaying vessels).
2. Storage reels for llexibles / rigid 5. Accommodation / helideck /
During supply operations often DP is
reeled pipe line lifeboat station
used to stay on position (joy-stick
controlled). Other functions besides 3. Piperack for rigid pipe sections
supply are fire fighting and towing of
floating units. For. towing operations
PSVs have a high bollard pull. Often
a PSV can also perform anchor
handling operations, see description
of AHTS below. Suppliers are
characterised by a superstructure and
deckhouse at the foreship and a long
flat aft deck. They have no heli-deck
and no cranes. The offshore platform
or vessel uses its own cranes to lift
cargo from the PSV deck.
The difference with an AHT is that a
PSV has a long aft deck and below•
deck storage tanks.

g.Ib Crew boat

Used for
crew changes
in benign
waters. In Platfor m upply
other areas Vessel
(e.g. North
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Sea) 66
helicopters are
used.
Platform Supply Vessel

g.lc Anchor Handling Tug (AHT) g.2b Multipurpose Support Vessel (MSV) shaped or of the semi-submersible
An anchor handling tug is used A multipurpose support vessel is type. Often an MSY also has facilities
to set somewhat similar to a diving support for divers and can work as a DSV.
and retrieve anchors of moored vessel, but has no facilities for divers.
offshore units and for towing Without diving operations, the DP g.3 Standby vessels and chase vessels
these requirements are less stringent. MSVs Standby vessels stay in the neigh•
units. The AHT often looks can be used for a large variety of tasks bourhood of platforms or offshore
similar to
like: operations to perform rescue opera•
a PSV, but has a shorter aft
-survey work (e.g. seabed, pipeline, tions in case of emergencies.
deck and Chase
subsea structure);
an open stern with a stern roll vessels are used to chase ships
-(subsea) construction, installation
to be away
able to pull anchors on the deck. and maintenance or repair work;
-trenching of cables or pipelines; from platforms, offshore
If the operations
g.2a
anchorDivinghandler
Support Vessel
can (DSV)
also -installation of flexibles;
or seismic survey vessels and
Diving support
function as a vessels are used to -well intervention and workover
for
support it is
supplier divers doing
called an Anchor services.
supply operations. Of course
inspection,
Handling Tug Supplier (AHTS). these
construction or repair
(see illustration chapterwork on
I, section MSVs typically have a relative ly tasks can be combined in one
subsea
9) large acco mmodation, a heli-deck, a ship.
structures. To facilitate the flat work-deck aft, (heave• Often converted fishing vessels
diving
compensated) crane(s) and/or an A• are
operations DSYs have diving
frame aft and moonpool(s) for used for this.
bell(s)
controlled lowering of RO Vs or
and decompression chambers for
Such a subsea tool is the other Chase
the
Remotely equipment. The vessel can be ship- Vessel
divers. A moonpool is used to
Operated
lower Vehicle (ROV), a self•
propelled underwater
divers or subsea tools.robot for
inspection or construction and repair
work. Usually the ROY is connected
by an umbilical to the support vessel.
DSYs are anchor moored or
dynam ically positio ned.
Whe n
working with divers, very strict
requirements to the anchor mooring
or DP system apply, as a drift-off
of
the DSV could bring the divers in
danger. Therefore DSYs have to
comply with the highest DP standards
(DP class 3).

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