MVGR College of Engineering (Autonomous)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

A3EET 309 - Electrical Machines - II

Dr. Sarat Kumar Sahu

M.Tech,
Ph.D.,
Professor
 Principle of operation

 When the 3-⏀ stator windings

are fed by 3- ⏀ supply then a
rotating magnetic field of
constant magnitude is
produced.
 This field rotates at
synchronous
 when speed Ns.
the revolving stator field, cuts the stationary rotor conductors,
an emf is induced in the conductors by induction.
 As rotor conductors are short circuited, current flows through them,
which sets up field around them.
 Principle of operation

 According to Lenz’s Law , the EMF will oppose it’s cause.

 The current so produced will develop a torque that will oppose the
relative motion between rotor and RMF.
 To reduce the relative motion, rotor tries to catch up to RMF and starts
rotating in the same direction as RMF.
 The rotor rapidly accelerates in the direction of rotating field.

 In practice, the rotor can never reach the speed of stator flux.

 If it did, there would be no relative speed between the stator field and
rotor conductors, no induced rotor currents and, therefore, no torque to
drive the rotor.
Slip:
 The rotor speed (N) is always less than the stator field speed (Ns). This
difference in speed depends upon load on the motor.
 The difference between the synchronous speed N s of the rotating stator
field and the actual rotor speed N is called slip. It is usually expressed
as a percentage of synchronous speed i.e.,

(i) The quantity Ns - N is sometimes called slip speed.

(ii) When the rotor is stationary (i.e., N = 0), slip, s = 1 or 100 %.
(iii)In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is
hardly 0.1% to 3% so that it is essentially a constant-speed motor.
Equivalence between 3 phase induction motor & Transformer

 An Induction motor is similar to transformer in many aspects

 Consider an Induction motor whose stator & rotor are star connected.
 The rotor winding is assumed to be open circuited.
 Therefore, the rotor current is zero and no electromagnetic torque is
generated.
 When a three phase supply having a frequency is applied to stator
winding, a rotating magnetic field is produced.
 This rotating magnetic field cuts both stator and stationery rotor
conductors at synchronous speed.
Equivalence between 3 phase induction motor & Transformer

 Therefore, e.m.fs of line

frequency are induced in
them.

Per phase values of the e.m.f induced in stator winding is given by

= Stator series turns per phase

= Stator winding factor
Equivalence between 3 phase induction motor & Transformer

Similarly per phase value of the e.m.f induced in rotor winding at

standstill is given by

= Rotor turns per phase

= Rotor winding factor
The e.m.f or voltage ratio for the induction machine from above
equations is
 Frequency of Rotor Currents, Rotor Induced EMF

 At standstill, rotor conductors are being cut by the synchronously

rotating magnetic field.
 Since the rotor is at stand still, the frequency of the rotor e.m.f &
currents is equal to the stator frequency.
 When the rotor starts running in the direction of rotating magnetic field
with a speed given by , the relative speed between synchronously
rotating magnetic field and the rotor will become
Therefore,
 Frequency of Rotor Currents, Rotor Induced EMF

Slip “s” is given by

Therefore,
Substituting above value in the frequency equation we get,
 Frequency of Rotor Currents, Rotor Induced EMF
 The frequency of the rotor e.m.f and current when the rotor is rotating
with a slip “s” is given by

 At standstill, the rotor frequency is same as the stator frequency and the
field produced by the rotor currents will rotate at a speed given by with
respect to rotor structure.
 When the rotor rotates at a speed given by , the rotor field will rotate at a
speed given by = =
 Therefore, the speed of the rotor field with respect to stator is given by
 Frequency of Rotor Currents, Rotor Induced EMF

 Therefore, the speed of the rotor field with respect to stator is given by

 Therefore, the rotor field and stator field will rotate at same speed with
respect to stator and are stationery with respect to one another at all
possible speeds.
 Since the relative speed between rotor and stator field is zero, a steady
torque is produced and rotation is maintained in the rotor.
 The existence of rotor MMF is essential for the production of torque.
 The operating speed of the rotor can never be equal to the speed of the
rotating magnetic field.
 Rotor current and power factor
Let’s take,
R2- resistance per phase of rotor

X2- reactance per phase of rotor= 2πfL2

E2- induced EMF per phase of rotor

At stand still, s=1

Rotor winding impedance per phase= Z2=
Rotor current = I =

power factor of rotor current, cosɸ = =

 Rotor current and power factor
At slip “s”

Induced EMF per phase of rotor =

Reactance= 2πfRL2= 2πsfL2= s2πfL2= sX2

Impedance per phase= Z2=

power factor of rotor current, cosɸ = =

Rotor current = I2 =
 Simplified Equivalent circuit of rotor
Rotor current = I2 =

Resistance is a function of slip and can be split into two parts.

 Simplified Equivalent circuit of rotor

Where R2 is the actual resistance & is the fictitious resistance

representing electrical load.
 Simplified Equivalent circuit of rotor
 Thus, the final simplified equivalent rotor circuit is shown in Figure
where R2 is rotor resistance and X2 is standstill leakage reactance.
 The resistance is a fictious resistance representing load resistance
RL.
 The power consumed by this fictitious resistance i.e., is the
electrical power which is converted into mechanical power to pick
the load.
 After subtracting the mechanical losses, we get the output power
available at the shaft.
 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor

Stator Parameters:
 The stator winding of the motor has resistance R 1. The flux produced by
stator winding linking with its own turns only (leakage flux) produces
leakage reactance X1.
 Of the total voltage V applied to the stator, a part of it is consumed by stator
resistance (I1Rl) and leakage reactance (I1X1) and the remaining is utilised in
establishing mutual flux which links with stator and rotor winding both.
 When it links with the stator winding it produces self-induced emf E 1.

E1 =V1 -I1R1 -I1X1

 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor
Induction Motor on No Load:
 In slip ring induction motor rotor circuit can be opened.
 Under this condition, when stator is connected to 3-phase supply, it
draws a very small current called no-load current I0.

 This current has two components i.e., working component Iw and

magnetising component Imag.

 Working component is in phase with the supply voltage and it
supplies the stator iron losses.
 Magnetising component lags behind the supply voltage V by 90°
and produces the mutual flux which links with stator and rotor
winding and induces E and E .
 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor
The equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of the motor under this condition is
shown in Figure.
 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor
Induction Motor on Load:
When load is applied on the induction motor its speed decreases slightly and slip
increases.
Thus rotor current I2 increases. Simultaneously, to meet with this load, motor
draws extra current from the supply mains similar to that of a transformer.
The complete circuit diagram and phasor diagram of a loaded induction motor is
shown in Figure
 Power flow diagram of Induction Motor
Losses in Induction Motor:
The major losses in an induction motor are:
1.Stator losses: The losses which occur in the stator of an induction
motor are called stator losses.
(i) Stator copper losses – (per phase)
(ii) Stator iron losses- These are the hysteresis and eddy current losses.
2. Rotor losses: which occur in the rotor of an induction motor are called
rotor losses.
(i) Rotor copper losses – (per phase)
(ii) Rotor iron losses- Since under normal running condition rotor
frequency is very small, therefore. These losses are so small that they are
neglected.
3. Mechanical losses: The sum of windage and friction losses is called
mechanical losses.
 Power flow diagram of Induction Motor
 Electrical power input is given to the stator.
 There are stator copper and iron losses and the remaining power i.e.,
stator output is transferred to the rotor through magnetic flux called
rotor input.
 In the rotor there are rotor copper losses and the remaining power is
converted into mechanical power called mechanical power developed
in the rotor.
 Then there are mechanical losses and the remaining power is available
at the shaft called mechanical power output.
Relation between Rotor Copper Loss, Slip and Rotor Input
The electrical power developed in the rotor is converted into mechanical
power which is given by the relation:
Mech. power developed in the rotor =
Rotor Copper Losses =
From power flow diagram:
Rotor input = Mech. power developed + rotor copper losses
+
From eq. (i) and (ii), we get,

Rotor Copper Loss = Mech Power Developed

Relation between Rotor Copper Loss, Slip and Rotor Input

From. eq. (ii) and (iii), we get,

Therefore, Rotor copper loss = (s)(Rotor Input)

Rotor Input (P2):Rotor Cu Loss (): Mech Power Developed(Pm)=1:s:(1-s)

(Or)
P2 : Pm :I2R Loss = 1:(1-s):s
All the quantities are per phase quantities
 Torque Developed by Induction Motor
The Electrical Power of 3-phase induction motor converted into mechanical power
is given by the relation;
Pm :3I2R = (1-s):s

Also
Where is the rotor speed in rad/sec and T is the torque developed by
Induction motor in N-Mtr.
Equating (i) and (ii), we get
 Torque Developed by Induction Motor
We Know that
where = angular synchronous speed in rad/sec.
We know that
Therefore
 Torque Developed by Induction Motor
Therefore, the torque produced by an Induction motor running at a slip
“s” is given by

If Sf corresponds to slip at full load, then the full load torque is given by
 Starting Torque
At the time of starting,
The speed of the rotor is zero. Therefore the slip is equal to 1
Substituting in torque equation, we get

Full Load Torque

If Sf corresponds to slip at full load, then the full load torque is given by
 Maximum Torque
The torque equation of Induction Motor under running conditions is
given by

To find the condition for maximum torque, differentiate the above

equation with respect to “s” and equate to zero.
 Maximum Torque
Therefore, the condition for obtaining maximum torque is given by

or
The slip corresponding to maximum torque is given by

For obtaining maximum torque substitute the value of R2 = SX2 in the

expression of torque, we get,

Therefore, the maximum torque is given by

 Ratio of Starting to Maximum Torque
Starting torque is given by the expression:

( )
𝟐
𝟑 𝑬 𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑻 𝒔𝒕=
𝝎𝒔 𝟐
( 𝑹𝟐 ) + ( 𝑿 𝟐 )
𝟐

Maximum torque is given by the expression:

𝟐
𝟑 𝑬𝟐
𝑻 𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝝎𝒔 𝟐 𝑿𝟐
The ratio of starting to maximum torque is obtained as
 Ratio of Starting to Maximum Torque
The ratio of starting to maximum torque is obtained as

Putting , we get
 Ratio of Full load Torque to Maximum Torque
If Sf corresponds to slip at full load, then the full load torque is given by

Maximum torque is given by the expression:

𝟐
𝟑 𝑬𝟐
𝑻 𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝝎𝒔 𝟐 𝑿𝟐
The ratio of full load to maximum torque is obtained as
 Ratio of Full load Torque to Maximum Torque
The ratio of full load to maximum torque is obtained as

Putting , we get
 Effect of change in supply voltage on Torque
The Torque equation of Induction motor is given by

Since , the above equation becomes

At low value of slip,, therefore, can be neglected and the equation of

torques becomes
 Effect of change in supply voltage on Torque
 Since the rotor resistance is a constant, the torque equation can be
written as

 At constant speed, the torque is proportional to the square of the

frequency.
 With the decrease in supply voltage, torque decreases abruptly and in order to
maintain the same torque to pick up the load slip increases or speed decreases.
 Hence, the motor draws extra current from the supply mains which may
overheat the motor.
 If the motor is operated continuously under this condition, it may burn.