CALENG3

Differential
Equations
Lecture 3
Applications of
Differential Equations

1
Luke 14:28-30

Which of you wishing to construct a tower does

not first sit down and calculate the cost to see if
there is enough for its completion? Otherwise,
after laying the foundation and finding himself
unable to finish the work the onlookers should
laugh at him and say, ‘This one began to build
but did not have the resources to finish.’

2
Mathematical Modelling

Real
World

Mental or
Solution Verbal
Model

Solution Math
Method Model

3
Population Growth

n  n
n
 n
t
dn
 kn
dt

4
Bacterial Growth
A bacterial culture is known to grow at a rate
proportional to the amount present. After 1 hour,
1000 strands of the bacteria are observed in the
culture, and after 4 hours, 3000 strands. Determine
an expression for the number of strands of the
bacteria in the culture. Plot the solution. Find the
number of strands of the bacteria originally in the
culture.

5
 A bacterial culture is known to grow at a rate proportional to the amount present. After
Example 1 hour, 1000 strands of the bacteria are observed in the culture, and after 4 hours, 3000
strands. Determine an expression for the number of strands of the bacteria in the
culture. Plot the solution. Find the number of strands of the bacteria originally in the
culture.

Given:
Find: a) “an expression”, x=f(t)
bacteria grow at a rate
b) plot of solution
proportional to the amount present
c) x at t=0
at t = 1h, x = 1000 strands
at t = 4h, x = 3000 strands

Let x = amt of bacteria, t = time (h) (1)

𝑑𝑥 (2)
=𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Divide (2) by (1)
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 =∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 3000 𝑒
= 𝑘
4𝑘

1000 𝑒
ln 𝑥=𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 −1
𝑘= 0.366 h
𝐶 𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡
𝑥=𝑒 𝑒 =𝑐 1 𝑒
1000=𝑐 1 𝑒 (0.366 )( 1)
at t = 1h, x = 1000 strands 𝑐 1=694
at t = 4h, x = 3000 strands 0.366 𝑡
𝑥=694 𝑒 at t=0, x = 694 strands
6
x = 694e0.366t

x, strands

time, t, h

7
Chemical Decomposition

n  n
n
 n
t
dn
 kn
dt
8
Radioactive Decay
Radium disintegrates at a rate proportional
to the amount present. If 100 mg are set
aside now, 96 mg will be left 100 years
hence.

Find how much will be left t centuries from

the time the radium was set aside. Plot the
solution. Determine how much will be left
after 2.56 centuries and the half- life of
radium.

9
 Radium disintegrates at a rate proportional to the amount present. If 100
Example mg are set aside now, 96 mg will be left 100 years hence. Find how much will
be left t centuries from the time the radium was set aside. Plot the solution.
Determine how much will be left after 2.56 centuries and the half- life of
radium.

Given: Find: a) x=f(t)

Radium disintegrates at a rate b) plot of solution
proportional to the amount present. c) x at t=2.56 centuries = 256 years
at t = 0, x = 100 mg d) half-life of radium
at t = 100 a, x = 96 mg
Let x = amt of radium, t = time (a)
𝑐 1=100 mg
𝑑𝑥
=𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡
(2)
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 =∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 𝑘=− 0.00040822 𝑎
−1

−0.00040822 𝑡
ln 𝑥=𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑥=100 𝑒 mg t in years

𝐶 𝑘𝑡 𝑘𝑡 −0.00040822( 256)
𝑥=𝑒 𝑒 =𝑐 1 𝑒 at t = 256 a 𝑥=100 𝑒 mg

at t = 0, x = 100 mg 𝑥=90 mg
at t = 100a, x = 96 mg 10
Half-life
• the amount of time necessary for one-half of the initial amount of
reactant to be remaining.
• If the initial amount is x0, x = 0.5x0 when .

𝑑𝑥
=𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑘𝑡
𝑥=𝑐 1 𝑒
at t = 0, x = x0
𝑘𝑡
𝑥= 𝑥 0 𝑒

at x = 0.5x0
𝑘𝑡1 For the example,
0.5 𝑥 0=𝑥 0 𝑒 2

1
𝑡 1 = ln 0.5
𝑘
2 11
 −0.00040822 𝑡
𝑥=100 𝑒 mg

mass Ra
remaining, mg,
x

time, t, years
12
Some half-lives
• Uranium-235 703,800,000 years
• Uranium-238 4,468,000,000
years
• Carbon-14 5730 years
• Plutonium-239 24,065 years
• Polonium-210 138.38 days
• Strontium-90 29.12 years

13
Marie Sklodowska Curie’s
lab notebook...

... will be
radioactive for
another 1,500
years

https://www.sciencealert.com/these-personal-e
ffects-of-marie-curie-will-be-radioactive-for-ano
ther-1-500-years 14
The Logistic Equation
• the population size has an inhibitory
effect on the growth of the population.
• if x is the population size, then
.
• This equation is called the logistic
equation.
• Examples: viral infections, population
growth, fake news...

15
Fake news
One person in a small town with a population of 200
proceeds to spread a rumor. If the rate at which the rumor
spreads is proportional to the number of people who know
the rumor (x) as well as the number of people who do not
know, find an expression for the number of people who
know about the rumor after t days. Fifty people know
about the rumor after one day. Plot this solution. How
many people will have heard of the rumor after 2 days?
Will the entire town eventually hear the rumor?

Ans. 191
16
 One person in a small town with a population of 200 proceeds to spread a
Example rumor. If the rate at which the rumor spreads is proportional to the number of
people who know the rumor (x) as well as the number of people who do not
know, find an expression for the number of people who know about the rumor
after t days. Fifty people know about the rumor after one day. Plot this solution.
How many people will have heard of the rumor after 2 days? Will the entire
town eventually hear the rumor?

Given:
• population = 200
• let x = number of people who have heard the
rumor
Find: (a) x = f(t); (b) x(2); Will x = 200?
\ 200-x = number of people who have not heard the
rumor
• at t= 1 d, x = 50 persons; at t = 0 d, x = 1 person
(“patient zero”)

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
1 1
( 1
∫ 200 𝑥 − 𝑥 −200 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 )
=𝑘𝑥 ( 200− 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑡 ln 𝑥 − ln ( 𝑥 −200 )=200 𝑘𝑡 +𝐶
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 ( 200 − 𝑥 ) =∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
by partial
ln ( 𝑥
𝑥 − 200
= 200 𝑘𝑡 +𝐶 )
fractions:
𝑥 200 𝑘𝑡 +𝐶 200 𝑘𝑡
1
=
1 1
−
1
𝑥 ( 200 − 𝑥 ) 200 𝑥 𝑥 −200 ( ) 𝑥 − 200
=𝑒 = 𝐶1 𝑒
17
Given:
population = 200
at t= 1 d, x = 50 persons; at t = 0 d, x = 1 person

Find: (a) x = f(t); (b) x(2); Will x = 200?

Solution (Continued):

𝑥 199
=𝐶 1 𝑒 200 𝑘𝑡 200 𝑘=ln =4.19469
𝑥 −200 3

at t = 0 d, x = 1 𝑥 1 4.19469𝑡
=− 𝑒
𝑥 −200 199
1 0
− = 𝐶1 𝑒 = 𝐶1
199 𝑥 4.19469 𝑡 200 4.19469 𝑡
𝑥=− 𝑒 + 𝑒
𝑥 1 200𝑘𝑡
199 199
=− 𝑒
𝑥 −200 199
200 4.19469 𝑡
𝑒
199
𝑥=
at t= 1 d, x = 50 persons 1
1+ 𝑒 4.19469 𝑡
199
50 1 200𝑘 (1 )
=− 𝑒
50 −200 199 2 00
𝑥= − 4.19469 𝑡
199 200𝑘
199 𝑒 +1
=𝑒
3
18
Given:
population = 200
at t= 1 d, x = 50 persons; at t = 0 d, x = 1 person

Find: (a) x = f(t); (b) x(2); Will x = 200?

Solution (Continued):

2 00
𝑥= − 4.19469 𝑡
199 𝑒 +1

2 00
𝑥 ( 2) = =191
199 𝑒 − 4.19469 ( 2) +1

Will x = 200?
lim 2 00
𝑡 →∞
lim 𝑥 = − 4.19469 𝑡
= 200
𝑡→∞ 199 𝑒 +1

Mathematically, x will never be 200.

The model is in terms of continuous

However, variables, not discrete variables.
2 00
𝑥 ( 4) = − 4.19469 ( 4 )
=199.998 Hence, it allows for fractions of
199 𝑒 +1 people.

19
 x = people
who have
heard the
rumor

dx/dt= rate
of change of
people who
have heard
the rumor

time, t, d
20
Covid stats
(graphs courtesy of @EdsonGuido on Twitter)

21
 Real Population Growth

Go to wolframalpha,com and observe

which countries follow this trend of
population growth
22
Newton’s Law of Cooling
ua
ambient te mperature

when
u
u
t  t0
u0 
 ua
u  u0

𝑑𝑢
=𝑘 ( 𝑢 −𝑢𝑎 )
𝑑𝑡 23
 Important Assumptions behind
Newton’s Law of Cooling
• No chemical reaction
 a chemical reaction releases or absorbs heat

• No phase change
 What happens to the temperature of an object that is changing
phase?
• Uniform temperature
• No radiative heat transfer
 Temperature difference between object and surroundings is
small
• Temperature of surroundings is independent of
temperature of object 24
The thermometer
Actual results from a thermometer warmed to 30 C and
allowed to cool in an aircon room.

25
Example
A thermometer reading 18oF is brought into a
room, the temperature of which is 70oF. One
minute later, the reading is 31oF. Determine the
temperature reading as a function of time. Plot
this function. Find the temperature reading 5
minutes after the thermometer is first brought
into the room.

26
Example A thermometer reading 18oF is brought into a room, the temperature of
which is 70oF. One minute later, the reading is 31 oF. Determine the
temperature reading as a function of time. Plot this function. Find the
temperature reading 5 minutes after the thermometer is first brought
into the room..

Given:
Required: (a) u = u(t)
at t = 0, u = 18oF
(b) Plot u(t)
at t = 1 min, u = 31oF
(c) u(5)
ua = 70oF
Does Newton’s law of cooling apply?
Solution: Yes. No phase change, no chemical reaction, uniform temperature, no radiative heat transfer and
temperature of thermometer does not influence the temperature of the room.
𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝑢=70 +𝑐 1 𝑒
=𝑘 ( 𝑢 −𝑢𝑎 )
𝑑𝑡 at t = 0, u = 18oF
𝑑𝑢 0
=𝑘 𝑑𝑡 18 =70 + 𝑐1 𝑒
𝑢− 𝑢𝑎 𝑐 1 =− 52
ln (𝑢 −𝑢𝑎 )=𝑘𝑡 +𝐶 𝑢=70 −52 𝑒
𝑘𝑡

𝑘𝑡 +𝐶 𝑘𝑡 at t = 1 min, u = 31oF
𝑢 −𝑢 𝑎=e =𝑐 1 𝑒 𝑘( 1)
31=70 − 52 𝑒
𝑘𝑡
𝑢=𝑢𝑎 +𝑐 1 𝑒 𝑘=− 0.2876821
𝑢=70 −52 𝑒− 0.2876821 𝑡 27
Example (continued)
Given: Required: (a) u = u(t)
at t = 0, u = 18oF (b) Plot u(t)
at t = 1 min, u = 31oF (c) u(5)
ua = 70oF

Solution:
−0.2876821 ( 5 )
𝑢=70 −52 𝑒
− 0.2876821 𝑡
𝑢(5)=70 −52 𝑒 =57.7 ° F

temp, u What would graph look like

o
F if the room temperature was
10oF?

time, t, min
28
Time of Death
The body of a murder victim was
“discovered” at 7:00 p.m. The police doctor
on call arrived at 11:30 p.m. and
immediately took the temperature of the
body, which was 94.6oF. He again took the
temperature after one hour, when it was
93.4oF, and he noted the room temperature
was constant at 70oF. Use Newton’s Law of
cooling to estimate the time of death,
assuming the victim’s normal body
temperature was 98.6oF.
29
Time of Death The body of a murder victim was “discovered” at 7:00 p.m. The police
doctor on call arrived at 11:30 p.m. and immediately took the temperature of
the body, which was 94.6oF. He again took the temperature after one hour,
when it was 93.4oF, and he noted the room temperature was constant at 70 oF.
Use Newton’s Law of cooling to estimate the time of death, assuming the
victim’s normal body temperature was 98.6 oF.

Given:
at 11:30 pm, u = 94.6oF
Required: time when u = normal body temperature (98.6oF)
at 12:30 am, u = 93.4oF
ua = 70oF
− 0.05 𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝑢=70+24.6 𝑒
=𝑘 ( 𝑢 −𝑢𝑎 )
𝑑𝑡 −0.05 𝑡
𝑢=𝑢𝑎 +𝑐 1 𝑒
𝑘𝑡 98.6=70 +24.6 𝑒
𝑢=70+𝑐 1 𝑒𝑘𝑡 𝑡 =− 3 h
let 11:30 pm be t = 0, u = 94.6oF
time of death = 11:30 – 3 = 8:30 pm
at 12:30 am, t= 1 h, u = 93.4oF
𝑘(0 )
94.6=70 +𝑐 1 𝑒
𝑐 1=24.6 What does this result mean?
𝑘 (1 h )
93.4=70+24.6 𝑒 What are the limitations of this
−1
𝑘=− 0.05 h forensic science technique?
30
 Time of Death

body temp, u
o
F

time, t, h
31
Example
A student dries a beaker in an oven that
is at 70°C at 4 pm. Two hours later, the
student observes that the beaker is dry
and pulls it out of the oven. If the room
is at 25°C and the student observes that
the beaker is at 40°C at 4:30 pm, at
what time will the beaker be within 1°C
of the room temperature?

32
 A student dries a beaker in an oven that is at 70°C at 4 pm. Two
Example hours later, the student observes that the beaker is dry and pulls
it out of the oven. If the room is at 25°C and the student
observes that the beaker is at 40°C at 4:30 pm, at what time will
the beaker be within 1°C of the room temperature?

Given:
at t = 0 (4 pm), u = 70oC (assume) Find: t when u = 25  1°C
at t = 0.5 h (4:30 pm), u = 40oC
ua = 25oC

Should it be plus or minus? Why?

A sketch of the trajectory of the

70oC temperature would be useful.

40oC

Find: t when u = 25 + 1°C = 26 °C

25oC

0.5 h

33
 A student dries a beaker in an oven that is at 70°C at 2 pm. Two
Example hours later, the student observes that the beaker is dry and pulls
it out of the oven. If the room is at 25°C and the student
observes that the beaker is at 40°C at 4:30 pm, at what time will
the beaker be within 1°C of the room temperature?

Given: Required: t when u = 25 + 1°C = 26°C

at t = 0 (4 pm), u = 70oC
at t = 0.5 h (4:30 pm), u = 40oC
ua = 25oC

Solution:
𝑑𝑢 −2.19722 𝑡 𝑡 ∈ h
=𝑘 ( 𝑢 −𝑢𝑎 ) 𝑢=25+ 45 𝑒
𝑑𝑡
t when u = 25 + 1°C = 26°C
𝑘𝑡 − 2.19722𝑡
𝑢=𝑢𝑎 +𝑐 1 𝑒 2 6=25+ 45 𝑒
0
70=25+ 𝑐1 𝑒
𝑡 =1.7325 h=1 h∧44 min
𝑐 1 = 45
𝑘(0.5 )
40=25+ 45 𝑒 time = 5:44 pm

−1
𝑘=− 2.19722 h
34
Mixing of Solutions
qin Cin
Water

qout
Cout

if 𝑞 𝑖𝑛 ≠𝑞 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉 =𝑉 (𝑡) V0
∞
total water = initial water + accumulation
𝑉 =𝑉 0 +(𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑡
salt in = salt out + accumulation
let x be the amount of salt in the tank
because the tank is perfectly stirred
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑖𝑛 =𝑞 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 35
Example
A tank initially holds 100 L of brine
solution. At t = 0, fresh water is poured
into the tank at the rate of 5 L/min , while
the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at
the same rate. After 20 minutes, the tank
contains 2/e kg of salt. Find the initial
concentration of the brine solution inside
the tank.

36
 A tank initially holds 100 L of brine solution. At t = 0, fresh water is
Example poured into the tank at the rate of 5 L/min , while the well-stirred mixture
leaves the tank at the same rate. After 20 minutes, the tank contains 2/e
kg of salt. Find the initial concentration of the brine solution inside the
tank.
Given:
at t = 0, V= 100 L Find:
Cin = 0 (“fresh”) Cout at t=0
qin = 5 L/min = qout,
at t = 20, x = 2e-1 kg

𝑉 =𝑉 0 +(𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=2 𝑒

−0.05 𝑡
=−0.05𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑉=100 𝐿+( 5−5 ) 𝑡=100 𝐿 ∫ 𝑥 =¿−0.05∫ 𝑑𝑡¿ at t = 0
kg
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥=−0.05 𝑡 +𝑐
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑖𝑛 =𝑞 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑥

𝐶 =
𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 =𝑒
− 0.05 𝑡 +𝑐 𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉
𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉 −0.05 𝑡
𝑥=𝑐 1 𝑒 kg/L
(5)(0)=( 5 )
𝑥
+ ( )
𝑑𝑥
100 𝑑𝑡
at t = 20, x = 2e-1 kg

−1
2 𝑒 =𝑐 1 𝑒
− 0.05 ( 20 )
𝑑𝑥
=− 0.05 𝑥 𝑐 1 =2
𝑑𝑡 37
Example
A 300-gal capacity tank contains a solution
of 200 gals of water and 50 lbs of salt. A
solution containing 3 lbs of salt per gallon
is allowed to flow into the tank at the rate
of 4 gal/min. The mixture flows from the
tank at the rate of 2 gal/min. How many
pounds of salt are in the tank at the end of
30 min? When does the tank start to
overflow? How much salt is in the tank at
the end of 60 min?

38
 A 300-gal capacity tank contains a solution of 200 gals of water and 50
Example lbs of salt. A solution containing 3 lbs of salt per gallon is allowed to
flow into the tank at the rate of 4 gal/min. The mixture flows from the
tank at the rate of 2 gal/min. How many pounds of salt are in the tank at
the end of 30 min? When does the tank start to overflow? How much
salt is in the tank at the end of 60 min?

Given: Find:
Vmax = 300 gal (a) x at t = 30 min
at t = 0, V= 200 gal, x = 50 lb (b) t when V= Vmax
Cin = 3 lb/gal, qin = 4 gal/min, qout = 2 gal/min (c) x at t= 60 min

𝑉 =𝑉 0 +(𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑡
𝑉=200+( 4−2 ) 𝑡=200+2𝑡
water level will rise
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑦 =∫ 𝑣 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑖𝑛 =𝑞 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +
𝑥 𝑑𝑡
( 𝑡+100 ) 𝑥=∫ ( 𝑡+100 )( 12 ) 𝑑𝑡+𝐶
𝐶 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉

(4)(3)=( 2 )
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥
𝑥
+
𝑑𝑥
200 +2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ) ( 𝑡 + 100 ) 𝑥= 6 ( 𝑡 +100 )2+ 𝐶

+ =12 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 +100 𝑥=6 (𝑡 +100)+
first-order linear DE
( 𝑡 + 100 )
39
Example (continued)
Given: Find:
Vmax = 300 gal (a) x at t = 30 min
at t = 0, V= 200 gal, x = 50 lb (b) t when V= Vmax
Cin = 3 lb/gal, qin = 4 gal/min, qout = 2 gal/min (c) x at t= 60 min

𝐶
𝑥=6 (𝑡 +100)+ Analyze this equation further
( 𝑡 + 100 )
55,000
at t = 0, x = 50 lb 𝑥=6 ( 𝑡 +100 ) −
( 𝑡 +100 )
𝐶
50=6 (0+ 100)+
( 0+100 ) What happens after a very long time?
𝐶 =− 55,000 What happens as t  ∞?

55,000
𝑥=6 ( 𝑡 +100 ) − The equation is valid only until the
( 𝑡 +100 ) tank overflows; i.e., when V = Vmax
at t = 30,
𝑥=6 ( 30 +100 ) −
55,000 𝑉 = 200+2 𝑡
( 30+100 ) 300=200+ 2𝑡
𝑥=357 lb
𝑡 =50 min
40
Need a new equation for overflowing tank
Cin = 3 lb/gal, qin = 4 gal/min, qout = 4 gal/min
V= 300 gal (constant)
𝑑𝑥 −
50

𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑖𝑛 =𝑞 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 533.3=𝑐 1 𝑒 75

+900

𝐶 =
𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 1=−714.23
𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉 𝑡
−

( )
75
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=900 − 714.23 𝑒
(4)(3)=( 4 ) +
300 𝑑𝑡 x at t= 60
𝑑𝑥 x −
60

+ =12 𝑥=900 − 714.23 𝑒 75

𝑑𝑡 75 −
𝑡 𝑥=579 lb
75
𝑥=𝑐 1 𝑒 +900
Analyze this equation further
𝑡
−
Need x at t= 50 as initial condition 𝑥=900 − 714.23 𝑒 75

55,000
𝑥=6 ( 𝑡 +100 ) − What happens after a very long time?
( 𝑡 +100 )
55,000 What happens as t  ∞?
𝑥=6 ( 50 +100 ) −
( 50+100 ) )

𝑥=533.3 lb
lim 𝑥 =900 900 lb lb
𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = =3
𝑡→∞
300 gal gal
41
Earth’s Carbon Cycle (Schmitz)

42
43
Electric Circuits
• Voltage drop across a resistor (R, ohms):

𝑉 𝑅 =𝑅𝐼

, amperes
• Voltage drop across an inductor (L, Henries)

𝐼 = 𝐼 (𝑡 )

• Voltage drop across a capacitor (C, farads):

𝑄 (𝑡 )
V 𝐶=
𝐶
, coulombs
44
 Electric Circuits

R
R = resistance (ohms)
L = inductance (henries)
E C = capacitance (farads)
I L E = emf (volts)
Q = charge (coulombs)
I = current (amps, coulomb/s)
C
t = time (s)

Kirchhoff’s Law:
𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝑄
+ 𝐿 +𝑄
𝑅𝐼
¿ 𝐸 𝐼=
𝑑𝑡𝐶 𝑑𝑡
45
Example A 10-ohm resistor and a 5-henry inductor are connected to a 50-
volt source at time t = 0. Express the current I as a function of
time. Plot this function. What happens to the value of I as time
goes on indefinitely?

Given: Find:
R = 10 ohm (a) I = f(t)
L=5H (b) Plot of I
E = 50 V (c) I as t  ∞

2𝑡 2𝑡
Solution: 𝐼 𝑒 =5 𝑒 + 𝐶
𝑑𝐼
𝑅𝐼 + 𝐿 =𝐸 − 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 =5+ 𝐶 𝑒
𝑑𝐼
10 𝐼 +5 =50 at t=0, I = 0
𝑑𝑡 (current cannot flow until switch is closed)

𝑑𝐼 0=5+ 𝐶 𝐶 =−5
+2 𝐼 =10
𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑡
𝐼 =5 −5 𝑒
2𝑡
𝑣 =𝑒 lim 𝐼 = lim (5 − 5 𝑒− 2𝑡 )=5 amp
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

𝐼𝑒 =∫ 10𝑒 𝑑𝑡+𝐶
2𝑡 2𝑡
46
 − 2𝑡
𝐼 =5 −5 𝑒

current, I
amp

time, t, sec
47
Examples
A decaying emf E = 200e-5t is
connected in series with a 20 – ohm
resistor and 0.01 farad capacitor.
Assuming Q = 0 at t = 0, plot the
charge and current as a function of
time. Show that the charge reaches a
maximum, calculate it and find when
it is reached.

48
Examples
A decaying emf E = 200e-5t is connected in series with a 20 – ohm resistor and
0.01 farad capacitor. Assuming Q = 0 at t = 0, plot the charge and current as
a function of time. Show that the charge reaches a maximum, calculate it
and find when it is reached.

Given: Find:
R = 20 ohm (a) Q=Q(t),
C = 0.01F (b) I = I(t)
E = 200e-5t (c) Plot of Q,I
Q = 0 at t = 0 (d) Prove that Q has a maximum
(e) Qmax
(f) tmax
Solution: 5𝑡
𝑄 𝑣 =𝑒
𝑅𝐼 + =𝐸
𝐶

𝑑𝑄 𝑄
𝑅 + =𝐸 −5 𝑡 −5 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑄=10 𝑡 𝑒 +𝐶 𝑒
𝑑𝑄 𝑄 −5 𝑡 Q = 0 at t = 0,
20 + =200 𝑒
𝑑𝑡 0.01 C=0
𝑑𝑄 −5𝑡 −5 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
+ 5 𝑄=10 𝑒 𝑄 =10 𝑡 𝑒
first-order linear DE 49
Examples
Find:
(a) Q=Q(t),
(b) I = I(t)
(c) Plot of Q,I
Solution: (d) Prove that Q has a maximum
(e) Qmax
−5 𝑡
𝑄=10 𝑡 𝑒 (f) tmax

Q (coulomb)

time, t, s

I (amp)
50
 Examples
Find:
(a) Q=Q(t),
(b) I = I(t)
(c) Plot of Q,I
Solution: (d) Prove that Q has a maximum
(e) Qmax
−5 𝑡
𝑄=10 𝑡 𝑒 (f) tmax

Q has a maximum if and

𝑑𝑄 −5 𝑡
=10 ( 1 −5 𝑡 ) 𝑒 =0
𝑑𝑡
1
1 − 5 𝑡 =0 𝑡=
5
𝑠  there is a maximum at

2
𝑑 𝑄 − 5(0.2)
𝑑𝑡
2
=10 [ ( − 5 ) 𝑒
− 5𝑡
+(− 5)(1 − 5 𝑡 ) 𝑒
−5𝑡
] 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑄|𝑡=0.2 =10 0.2 𝑒
( )
2
𝑑 𝑄
=10 [ − 10 𝑒
−5 𝑡
+25 𝑡 𝑒
−5 𝑡
]
𝑄|𝑡= 0.2=5 𝑒
2 −1
𝑑𝑡

51
Example

A resistor (of unknown constant

resistance) and a 0.02 farad capacitor are
connected in series with an emf of E = 100
volts. The initial charge of the capacitor is
5 coulombs. If at t = 1/10 seconds the
current flowing is 30/e amperes on the
reverse direction, find the value of the
resistance.

52
Example
A resistor (of unknown constant resistance) and a 0.02 farad capacitor are
connected in series with an emf of E = 100 volts. The initial charge of the
capacitor is 5 coulombs. If at t = 1/10 seconds the current flowing is 30/e
amperes on the reverse direction, find the value of the resistance.

Given:
C = 0.02F
E = 100 Find: R
Q = 5 coul at t = 0
I = -30/e at t = 1/10 s

50 𝑡
𝑅
Solution: 𝑣 =𝑒
𝑄
𝑅𝐼 + =𝐸
𝐶

𝑑𝑄 𝑄
𝑅 + =𝐸
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 −
50 𝑡
𝑅
𝑄=2+ 𝐶 𝑒
𝑑𝑄 𝑄
𝑅 + =100
𝑑𝑡 0.02 Q = 5 at t = 0

𝑑𝑄 50 100
5=2+ 𝐶
+
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
𝑄=
𝑅 𝐶 =3 50 𝑡
−
𝑅
𝑄=2+3 𝑒
first-order linear DE,
also variables separable 53
Example Given:
C = 0.02F Find: R
E = 100
Q = 5 coul at t = 0
I = -30/e at t = 1/10 s

Solution (continued):
50 𝑡
−
𝑅
𝑄=2 +3 𝑒
For simplicity, let
The initial condition is for I, therefore,
we need a function for I

How to solve for u?

Need numerical methods or
I = -30/e at t = 1/10 s trial and error

satisfies the equation

 R = 5 ohm

54
Telegrapher’s equation
V I
 L
x t
I V
 C
x t

55
Other Problems
By natural increase, a city whose population is 40,000 will double
in 50 yrs. There is a net addition of 400 persons per yr because
of the people leaving & moving into the city. Estimate its
population in 10 yrs.
Hint: First find the natural growth proportionality factor.

Given:
x=40,000 at t=0
x=80,000 at t= 50 a (by natural increase) Find: x at t=10
(by migration)

Net population increase is by natural growth + migration

𝑑𝑥
=𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
=𝑘𝑥 + 400
𝑑𝑡

56