Introduction to Globalization

Keynard L. Ponce
August 13-15, 2019
January 27, 28, 29, 2020
 • Did you experience
globalization? If yes,
please tell us that
experience.
https://www.inc.com/amy-morin/7-thinking-patterns-that-will-that-rob-you-of-mental-strength-
and-what-you-can-do-about-them.html
 Dynamic? Compression
Globality? of time and
space?

Economic Globalism?
interdependence?

Transnationalism 0000
A product?
? Globalization
Political
Intensification of expansion?
social network?
Cultural
integration?
A process?
Why Globalization Became a Popular Idea?

• Global communications
• Cultural homogenization and spread of
capitalism
• Consciousness of global problems
• Decline of the idea of nation-state
• Economic interdependency and instability
(Martell 2017)
 Concepts of Globalization

¿
Internationalization?

Liberalization?
Globalization
Universalization?

Westernization?
Internationalization

• “Internationalization involves
the growth of transactions and
interdependencies between
countries” (Martell, as cited in
Mazo, 2018).

Source: http://www.thedronevalley.com/services/internationalization/
Liberalization

• Liberalization “refers to the

removal of constraints on
movements of resources
between countries—an open,
borderless world” (Martell, as
cited in Mazo, 2018).
Source: http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/business-
studies/what-are-the-impact-of-globalization-and-liberalization-on-
business-and-industry/943/
 Universalization

• Universalization “involves the

dispersion of objects and
experiences to all parts of the
earth…” It sometimes refers to
standardization and
homogenization (Martell, as
cited in Mazo, 2018).
Source: https://rundle10.wikispaces.com/Universalization
Westernization

• Westernization “is a particular

type of universalization, of
Western structures such as
capitalism, industrialism,
rationalism, urbanism,
individualism, and democracy, or
put more critically, colonization”
(Martell, as cited in Mazo, 2018).
Source: https://doubleburdenofdisease.wordpress.com/westernization-
blessing-or-curse/
Globality, Globalization, and Globalism

• As a concept, globalization should not be confused with globality

and globalism (Mazo 2018).
 Globality

• “Globality…signif[ies] a future social

condition characterized by the existence of
global economic, political, cultural, and
environmental interconnections and flows
that make many of the currently existing
borders and boundaries irrelevant.” (Steger,
as cited in Mazo, 2018).
• Globality is not static. It is not a determinate
endpoint. It may give rise a new development
(planetarity?).
Source: https://www.globality.com/en-us/
Globalization as a Political Process

• “No longer functioning along the lines of discrete territorial units,

the political order of the future will be one of regional economies
linked together in an almost seamless global web that operates
according to free-market principles.” (Steger, as cited in Mazo,
2018)
• For Jan Aart Scholte, “Globalization refers to gradual processes of
‘relative deterritorialization’ that facilitate the growth of
‘supraterritorial’ relations between people.” (Steger , as cited in
Mazo, 2018)
Globalization as a Cultural Process

• “Globalization lies at the heart of modern culture; cultural

practices lie at the heart of globalization.” (John Tomlinson in
Steger , as cited in Mazo, 2018)
• Questions:
• Does globalization increase cultural homogeneity, or does it lead to greater
diversity and heterogeneity?
• How does the dominant culture of consumerism impact the natural
environment? (Steger 2014, 11)
Other Definitions of Globalization

• Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of

worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a
way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many
miles away and vice versa. Anthony Giddens in Steger, 2003)
• The concept of globalization reflects the sense of an immense
enlargement of world communication, as well as of the horizon of
a world market, both of which seem far more tangible and
immediate than in earlier stages of modernity. Fredric Jameson in
Steger, 2003)
Other Definitions of Globalization

• Globalization may be thought of as a process (or set of processes) which

embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations
and transactions - assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity
and impact generating transcontinental or interregional flows and
networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power. David Held in
Steger, 2003)
• Globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the world
and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. Roland
Robertson in Steger, 2003)
• Globalization compresses the time and space aspects of social relations.
James Mittelman in Steger, 2003)
• From the various definitions provided, how would you
now define globalization? Interpret your definitions
through actions.
Globalization: Four Distinct Qualities

• First, globalization involves the creation of new and

multiplication of existing social networks and activities that
increasingly overcome traditional political, economic, cultural and
geographic boundaries.
• The second quality of globalization is reflected in the expansion
and the stretching of social relations, activities, and
interdependencies.
• Third, globalization involves the intensification and acceleration of
social exchanges and activities. The Internet relays distant
information in mere seconds, and satellites provide consumers
with real-time pictures of remote events.
• Fourth, the creation, expansion, and intensification of social
interconnections and interdependencies do not occur merely on an
objective, material level.
• As Roland Robertson notes in his definition, globalization processes
also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.
Globalization for Steger (2003)

• Globalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes

that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social
interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering
in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between
the local and the distant.
• Try to think of things that you personally possess and list them
down. Identify from which country/ies they were made. Explain
why those things were made from the countries identified.
References

• Martell, L. (2017), The Sociology of Globalization, Second Edition, 2017

http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/60649/3/globalisation%20book%20intro
%202016%20%282%29.pdf
• Mazo, R. (2018). Introduction to Globalization (PowerPoint Presentation).
• Steger, Manfred (2003). Globalization: A very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford
Press.
• Steger, Manfred (2005). Ideologies of globalization, Journal of Political
Ideologies, 10:1, 11-30, DOI:10.1080/1356931052000310263
• Steger, Manfred (2014). Approaches in the Study of Globalization. In The Sage
Handbook of Globalization. Eds: Manfred Steger, Paul Battersby & Joseph
Siracusa. London: Sage Publications Ltd.