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Basic Networking Concepts

This document provides an overview of basic networking concepts including networks, nodes, addresses, packets, protocols, layers of the network, IP addresses, domain names, ports, the internet, internet address classes, network address translation, firewalls, proxy servers, and the client/server model. It defines key terms and describes the functions of various networking components and protocols.

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Qamar Khan
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59 views

Basic Networking Concepts

This document provides an overview of basic networking concepts including networks, nodes, addresses, packets, protocols, layers of the network, IP addresses, domain names, ports, the internet, internet address classes, network address translation, firewalls, proxy servers, and the client/server model. It defines key terms and describes the functions of various networking components and protocols.

Uploaded by

Qamar Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Networking

Concepts
Networks

 Network
 Node
 Address
 Packet
 Protocol
Network

 A network is a collection of computers and other devices that can send data to and
receive data from each other. A network is often connected by wires. However,
wireless networks transmit data through infrared light and microwaves.
Node

 Each machine on a network is calle a node. Most nodes are computers, but
printers, routers, bridges, gateways, dumb terminals, and Coca-ColaTM machines
can also be nodes. Nodes that are fully functional computers are also called hosts.
Address

 Every network node has an address, a series of bytes that uniquely identify it. The
more bytes there are in each address, the more addresses there are available and
the more devices that can be connected to the network simultaneously.
Packet

 All modern computer networks are packet-switched networks: data traveling on


the network is broken into chunks called packets and each packet is handled
separately. Each packet contains information about who sent it and where it's
going.
Protocol

 A protocol is a precise set of rules defining how computers communicate: the


format of addresses, how data is split into packets, and so on. There are many
different protocols defining different aspects of network communication.
The Layers of Network Layer Internet
The Host-to. Network Layer

 Also known as the link layer, data link layer, or network interface layer. The host-
to-network layer defines how a particular network interface sends IP datagrams
over its physical connection to the local network and the world.
The Internet Layer

 The Internet defines how bits and bytes of data are organized into the larger
groups called packets, and the addressing scheme by which different machines
find each other.
Datagrams

 Data is sent across the internet layer in packets called datagrams. Each IP
datagram contains a header between 20 and 60 bytes long and a payload that
contains up to 65,515 bytes of data.
The Transpor Layer

 responsible for ensuring t at packets are received in the order they were sent and
making sure that no data is lost or corrupted.
The Application Layer

 The layer that delivers data to the user is called the application layer. The
application layer decides what to do with the data after it's transferred.
IP, TCP, and UDP

 IP: Internet protocol TCP: Transmission Control Protocol UDP: User Datagram
Protocol
IP

 was designed to allow multiple routes between any two points and to route
packets of data around damaged routers.
TCP

 Since there are multiple routes between two points, and since the quickest path
between two points may change over time as a function of network traffic and
other factors), the packets that make up a particular data stream may not all take
the same route. Furthermore, they may not arrive in the order they were sent, if
they even arrive at all.
UDP

 UDP is an unreliable protocol that does not guarantee that packets will arrive at
their destination or that they will arrive in the same order they were sent.
IP Addresses Domain Names

 Every computer on an IPv4 network is identified by a four-byte number. When


data is transmitted across the network, the packet's header includes the address of
the machine for which the packet is intended (the destination address) and the
address of the machine that sent the packet (the source address).
Domain Name

 Sys to translate hostnames that humans can remember (like


www.math.hcmuns.edu.vn) into numeric Internet addresses (like 203.162.44.37).
Ports

 Each computer with an IP address has several thousand logical ports. Each port is
identified by a number between 1 and 65,535. Each port can be allocated to a
particular service.
Well-known port assignments

 FTP 21 TCP
 SSH 22 TCP
 telnet 23 TCP
 Smtp 25 TCP
 HTTP 80 TCP
 POP3 110 TCP
 MAP 143 TCP
The Internet

 The Internet is the world's largest IP-based network. Intranet is a current


buzzword that loosely describes corporate practices of putting lots of data on
internal web servers.
Internet Address Classes

 A Class C address block specifies the first three bytes of the address; for example,
199.1.32. A class B address block only specifies the first two bytes of the
addresses an organization may use; for instance, 167.1. A class A address block
only specifies the first byte of the address range—for instance, 18—and therefore
has room for over 16 million nodes.
Network Address Translation

 Translates the internal addresses into the external addresses.


Firewalls

 The hardware and software that sit between the Internet and the local network,
checking all the data that comes in or out to make sure it's kosher, is called a
firewall. Filtering is usually based on network addresses and ports.
Proxy Servers
 If a firewall prevents hosts network from making dire connections to the outside
proxy server can act as a go- between. Thus, a machine that is prevented from
connecting to the external network by a firewall would make a request for a web
page from the local proxy server instead of requesting the web page directly from
the remote web server.
The Client / Server Model
 In most cases, a server primarily sends data w}! client primarily receives it is rare
for one program to send or receive exclusively. A more reliable distinction is that
a client initiates a conversation while a server waits for clients to start
conversations with it
 peer-to-peer Not all applications fit easily into a client/server model.
 For instance, in networked games, it seems likely that both players will send data
back and forth roughly equally (at least in a fair game).

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