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Module 1 History and Science With Audio

History can be studied both objectively and subjectively. Objectively, a historian examines primary sources such as artifacts, documents, and eyewitness accounts to reconstruct past events. Subjectively, the meaning of those events is interpreted through the historian's perspective. Most of what is known about history comes from secondary sources that have survived through records, accounts, and documents from the past. Historical analysis involves selecting a subject, collecting and examining sources for authenticity, and extracting credible details to write an accurate historiography of what occurred.

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35 views17 pages

Module 1 History and Science With Audio

History can be studied both objectively and subjectively. Objectively, a historian examines primary sources such as artifacts, documents, and eyewitness accounts to reconstruct past events. Subjectively, the meaning of those events is interpreted through the historian's perspective. Most of what is known about history comes from secondary sources that have survived through records, accounts, and documents from the past. Historical analysis involves selecting a subject, collecting and examining sources for authenticity, and extracting credible details to write an accurate historiography of what occurred.

Uploaded by

FLORENCE GILBAO
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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History and Science

Understanding History: A
Primer of Historical Method
By Louis Gottschalk Course Developers:
Percival S. Gabriel
Rhinalou Cervantes-Salamat
Part 1 Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Rizal_execution.jpg
History
Greek origin historie (ιστορια) =
learning ; systematic account of
phenomenon

German word for history –


Geshchichte, which is derived from
geschehen, meaning to happen
History
Zeus Salazar’s “ang kasaysayan ay
isang salaysay na may saysay sa
mga taong nagsasaysay”
History
Kasaysayan is rooted in two words salaysay,
which means a narrative or a story and, more
important, saysay or meaning. In my history
classes, I always propose the working definition of
kasaysayan or history as a narrative (which can
be written, visual, oral or combination of all
three) about past events that has meaning to a
certain group of people in a given time and place.
These two components are inseparable. Without
both you cannot have true history (Ambeth
Ocampo)
History
But what about the narratives that
were written in other parts of the
world which we don’t understand or
that which remotely have no meaning
to us? Will these be history?
History
This can be resolved as to “history in
its objective content” and “history in
its subjective content”
Objectivity vs. Subjectivity
in History
By Louis Gottschalk

To be studied objectively (that is, with the intention of


acquiring detached and truthful knowledge
independent of one’s personal reactions), a thing
must first be an object, it must have an independent
existence outside the human mind. Recollections,
however, do not have existence outside the human
mind; and most of history is based upon recollections
– that is, written or spoken testimony.
Artifacts
Only where relics of human happenings can be found
– a potsherd, a coin, a ruin, a manuscript, a book, a
portrait, a stamp, a piece of wreckage, a strand of
hair, or other archeological or anthropological
remains – do we have objects other than words that
the historian can study. These objects, however, are
never the happenings or the events themselves. If
artifacts, they are the results of events; if written
documents, they may be the results or the records of
events. Whether artifacts or documents, they are raw
materials out of which history may be written.
But there is a catch

A historical context can be given to them


.

only if they can be placed in a human


setting.
Here is the catch again

•Event
•Observed
•Grasped •Remembered
Narrated . •Credible •Recorded
•Survived
•Historian’s attention
.The whole history of the past (what has been
called history-as-actuality) can be known to
him only through the surviving record of it
(history-as-record), and most of history-as-
record is only the surviving part of the
recorded part of the remembered part of the
observed part of that whole.
Historical Method and
Historiography
Historical method
The process of critically examining and analyzing the
records and survivals of the past is here called
historical method.

Historiography
The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the
data derived by that process is called historiography
(the writing of history).
Historical Analysis
(1) the selection of a subject for
investigation;
(2) the collection of probable sources of
information on the subject;
(3) the examination of those sources for
genuineness (either in whole or in part); and
(4) the extraction of credible particulars from
the sources (or parts of sources) proved
genuine
Primary vs. Secondary Source

Primary Source
A primary source is the testimony of an
eyewitness, or of a witness by any other of the
senses, or of a mechanical device like the
dictaphone that is, of one who or that which
was present at the events of which he or it tells
(hereafter called simply eyewitness).
Primary vs. Secondary Source

Secondary Source

A secondary source is the testimony of anyone


who is not an eyewitness – that is, of one who
was not present at the events of which he tells.
Original Source
(1) because it contains fresh and creative
ideas,
(2) the collection of probable sources of
information on the subject;
(3) because it is in its earliest, unpolished
stage,
(4) because its text is the approved text,
unmodified and untampered with, and
(5) because it is the earliest available source
of the information it provides.
Document

A written source of historical information as


contrasted with oral testimony or with
artifacts, pictorial survivals, and archeological
remains.

A human document has been defined as “an


account of individual experience which reveals
the individual’s actions as a human agent and
as a participant in social life.”

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