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Gas Exchange

This document summarizes gas exchange and respiratory systems in animals. It discusses the basic principles of gas exchange, including the need for a large surface area and short diffusion path. It also describes different respiratory structures used by invertebrates and vertebrates for uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide, including cell surfaces, tracheal systems, gills and lungs. Key differences are highlighted between the countercurrent gas exchange mechanism using internal gills in fish versus the use of lungs and air sacs in birds.

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ROVIE LORAINE MARTINEZ
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574 views12 pages

Gas Exchange

This document summarizes gas exchange and respiratory systems in animals. It discusses the basic principles of gas exchange, including the need for a large surface area and short diffusion path. It also describes different respiratory structures used by invertebrates and vertebrates for uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide, including cell surfaces, tracheal systems, gills and lungs. Key differences are highlighted between the countercurrent gas exchange mechanism using internal gills in fish versus the use of lungs and air sacs in birds.

Uploaded by

ROVIE LORAINE MARTINEZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GAS

EXCHANGE
Jhumerzon A. Macanda
MEMEMORI
ES OF LAST
TOPIC
GAS EXCHANGE IN
ANIMALS
 Uptake of molecular oxygen from the
environment and the discharge of
carbon dioxide to the environment.
a.k.a. Respiratory Exchange
 Oxygen is needed for aerobic
respiration to extract ATP from food,
 Carbon dioxide must release to prevent
physiological pH in tissues from being
acidic.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
INFLUENCING GAS
EXCHANGE
1. For gas exchange to happen, the
environment should be moist, large
enough and protected from
desiccation.
2. Respiratory systems rely on the
diffusion of gases down pressure
gradients, Fick’s Law,
Gas exchange is fast when the area for
diffusion is large and the path for diffusion is
short. As a result, respiratory surfaces tend to
be large and thin.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
INFLUENCING GAS
EXCHANGE
3. Surface area-to-volume ratio,
Gases and molecules are absorb
while waste must be eliminated, this
happens usually in cell membrane.
If volume increases more rapidly than
does the surface area, and so the relative
amount of surface area available to pass
materials to a unit volume of the cell
steadily decreases.
BASIC PRINCIPLES 4. Ventilation - movement of the respiratory
medium (air or water) over the respiratory
INFLUENCING surface. Ex. Movement of operculum in
GAS EXCHANGE fish and chest cavity in human.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
INFLUENCING GAS
EXCHANGE
5. Respiratory Pigments or
Protein - Adaptations of
animals for gas exchange
include respiratory
pigments that bind and
transport gases. Ex.
Hemoglobin in vertebrates
and Hemocyanin in
invertebrates, helps
enhance its capacity of
carrying gases.
GAS EXCHANGE IN
INVERTEBRATES
1. Cell surface or cell membrane – used in
unicellular organisms.
2. Integumentary exchange – refers to the general
body surface or skin used by animals with high
surface-to-volume ratio. (earthworm)
GAS EXCHANGE IN
INVERTEBRATES
3. External Gills- Gill that projects from the
surface of the body and is not enclosed by the
body wall and that is characteristic of certain
larval fishes and amphibians.
4. Tracheal System – (arthropods) utilizes fine
air-conducting tubules to provide gas at the
cellular level; it is not dependent on a
circulatory system e.g. insects, spiders
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE
BREATHING MECHANISMS IN
VERTEBRATES
1. External Gills – thin, vascularized epidermis that
project from the body surface of a few
amphibians; e.g. larval salamander
2. Internal Gills - rows of slits or pockets in adult
fishes positioned at the back of the mouth such
that water that enters the mouth can flow over
them as it exits just behind the head.
 Water flows over the gills and blood circulates through
them in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
 This mechanism, called countercurrent flow, is highly
efficient in extracting oxygen from water, whose oxygen
contents is lower than air.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE
BREATHING MECHANISMS IN
VERTEBRATES
3. Lungs- internal respiratory surfaces; Provide a
membrane for gaseous exchange since they are not
in direct contact with all other parts of the body,
lungs require a circulatory.
 Birds use a system of air sacs as blower to keep air
flowing through the lungs in one direction only,
preventing the mixing of incoming and outgoing
air.
THANKS
FOR
LISTENIN
G

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