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Lecture 1

The document discusses digital computers and number systems. It describes the basic components of a digital computer including the memory unit, processor unit, control unit, and input/output devices. It then covers different number systems such as binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal used by digital computers. It provides examples of converting numbers between these number bases.

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mahmoud sadiq
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Lecture 1

The document discusses digital computers and number systems. It describes the basic components of a digital computer including the memory unit, processor unit, control unit, and input/output devices. It then covers different number systems such as binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal used by digital computers. It provides examples of converting numbers between these number bases.

Uploaded by

mahmoud sadiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 A block diagram of digital computer is shown

in Fig 1.1

 The memory unit stores programs as well as


input, output, and intermediate data

 The processor unit performs arithmetic and


other data processing tasks as specified by
the program.

 The control unit supervises the flow of


information between the various units
 The input and output devices are special digital
systems driven by electromechanical parts and
controlled by electronic digital circuits.

 A digital computer can accommodate many


input and output devices.

 It can perform not only arithmetic


computations, but logical operations as well

 And can be programmed to make decisions


based on internal and external conditions
 For each instruction, the control unit informs the
processor to execute the operation specified by the
instruction.

 Both program and data are stored in the memory.

 The control unit supervises the program instructions.

 The processor manipulates the data as specified by


the program.

 The program and data prepared by the user are


transferred into the memory unit by means of an
input devise such as keyboard.

 An output device, such as the printer, receives the


result of the computations and the printed results are
presented to the user.
 This
chapter is an introduction to the
decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal
numbers, their representation, and
conversion from one base to another.
 The familiar decimal number system has base or
radix 10.

 It
referred to as base 10 because it uses
ten digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

 These digits are referred to as the coefficients of


the decimal system.
 Thus, in the decimal system the coefficients are

multiplied by the appropriate powers of10 to


form a number.
 For example, the decimal number 58, 392.46 is
 58, 392.46 = 50, 000 + 8, 000 + 300 + 90 + 2
+ 0.4 + 0.06

=5x +8x + 3x + 9x + 2x +4x

+6x
 In general, any number may be represented by

a series of coefficients as:

 ........ .......
 In the decimal system, the coefficients are
the ten coefficients (zero through nine), and
the subscript value denotes the power of ten
by which the coefficient must be multiplied.

 Thus, the last expression above can also be


written as

 . + . + . +.....+ . + . +

 . + . +.....+ .
 Digital computers use the binary (base 2) system which has only two coefficients, 0 and 1.

 In the binary system each coefficient is multiplied by . In general, a number of base or


radix r with
Coefficients is expressed as

. + . + . +....+ . + .

+ . + . +....+ .
 The number 110010.01 could be interpreted
as a binary, or decimal or any other base
number since the coefficients 0 and 1 are
valid in any number with base 2 or above.

 Therefore,it is a recommended practice to


enclose the number in parenthesis and write
a subscript representing the base of the
number.

 Thus,if the number 110010.01 is binary, it


is denoted as
 But
if it is a decimal number, it should be
denoted as

 Two other numbers of interest are the octal


(base 8) and hexadecimal (base 16).

 Theoctal system uses the coefficients 0


through 7.

 Thus, the number 5467.42 can be either an


octal number or a decimal number
 Accordingly,
if it is an octal number, it must
be denoted as

 But
if it is a decimal number, it must be
denoted as

 The
hexadecimal number system uses the
numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

 And for the remaining six numbers uses the


letters A, B, C, D, E, and F
 Corresponding to the decimal numbers 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, and 15 respectively

 Table1.1 shows the first 16 numbers of


the decimal, binary, octal, and
hexadecimal systems
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
(Base 10) (Base 2) (Base 8) (Base 16)
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
A number in base other than base 10, can be
converted to its decimal equivalent using the
following
steps:

 1.Express the given number in the form of


(1.1).

 2.
Add the terms following the rules of
decimal addition.
 Example 1.1

 Convert the binary number to its decimal


equivalent.

 =1x +1x +1x +1x +1x

 +1x +1x

 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125=
 Convert the octal number to its
decimal equivalent.
 Solution:

 = 5x +4x +0x +6x

 =5 × 64+ 4 × 8+ 0 × 1+ 6x

 =
 Convert the hexadecimal number to
its decimal equivalent.

 Solution:

 =D X +B X +0 X +A X

 = 13 × 256+ 11 × 16+ 0 × 1+ 10×

 =

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