METEOROLOGY

Presented By
Engr. Jabir Ali keerio
Lecturer Civil Engineering Technology
BBSUTSD Khairpur Mirs
 Meteorology
• The science that deals with the study of earth’s atmosphere and the variations in
atmospheric conditions that produce Weather.

• Meteorologists measure wind, temperature, pressure and other atmospheric

conditions that affect the weather, consequently affecting rainfall and other
forms of precipitation at a place or in a region

• The Meteorologists also measure chemical substances in the atmosphere, such as

carbon dioxide and ozone that affect the climate.
Important Terms Used in
Meteorology
Saturation Pressure

Laps Rate
Humidity & Relative
Humidity
Dew Point
 Saturation
Pressure
• Generally water vapors are present in atmosphere.
• Sometime, they are alone and sometime they are mixed with other gases.
• The pressure exerted by each component of such a mixture is called as Partial
Pressure.

• The pressure exerted by vapors is known as vapor pressure.

• If air is fully saturated with vapors then pressure exerted by air is known as
Saturation Vapor Pressure or simply Saturation Pressure.
 Laps Rate
• The variation in the temperature of atmospheric air with altitude is called as Lapse Rate.

• Not only temperature but also the density and the pressure of atmosphere go on decreasing as
the height above the surface of earth increases.
 Dry & Wet Adiabatic
Lapse Rate
• Rising and expanding hot dry air will drop its temperature at the rate of 9.8ċ for every Km of
ascent. This fall in is called Dry Adiabatic Lapse rate.

• In the rising warm wet air, the rate of fall of temperature is generally found to be less than that
rate in dry air and is called as Wet Adiabatic Lapse rate.

• In saturated wet air this rate has been calculated to be 6ċ/km.

 Humidity
• The term humidity is used in order to obtain an idea of the amount of water present in air.
• Humidity depends upon temperature
• Warmer temperature, less dense, larger capacity. More room for water vapors to fit into air.
• Cooler temperature, more dense, smaller capacity. Less room for water vapors to fit into air.

Absolute Humidity
• Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air.

• It does not take temperature into consideration.

• Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic
meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).
 Relative Humidity

• It is the ratio of actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure at the same temperature.

Actual vapor pressure at given temperature

Saturation Vapor pressure at the same temperature

• Sometimes, relative humidity is defined as the mass per unit volume of actual vapor present in
the air to that it could contain at the same temperature when fully saturated
 Dew Point

• The temperature where relative humidity reaches a 100%, that is the temperature in which
saturation occurs is known as Dew Point temperature.

• In simple words, the temperature to which moist air must be cooled to reach saturation.

• Shown here is the parcel of air, which is at 15C and has certain amount of water vapor inside.
 Dew Point
.

• Look at the image and notice that now when parcel of air is cooled , its capacity to hold water
vapor reduces and relative amount moisture of air increases.

• In other words, its relative humidity is increasing

 Dew Point
.

• When 10C is reached, parcel of air is holding as much water vapor as it can and is therefore
saturated. • The relative humidity is 100%.

• This temperature is the dew point temperature.

 Dew Point
.

• If parcel of air were to cool further, condensation would occur, because the air can hold no
more water vapor at this temperature.

• This condensation is visible to us because clouds and fog will form as visible water droplets
condense out of the saturated air.
 Classical
Hygrometer's
1. Metal-paper coil type
Types of Hygrometer's
2. Hair tension hygrometer
3. Pyschrometer (wet and dry bulb hygrometer ) :
Sling pyschrometer
4. Chilled mirror dew point hygrometer

Modern
Hygrometer's
5. Capacitive
6. Resistive
7. Thermal
8. Gravimetric
 Hygrometer
• A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the
atmosphere.

• Humidity measurement instruments usually rely on measurements of some other

quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change
in a substance as moisture is absorbed.

• By calibration and calculation, these measured quantities can lead to a

measurement of humidity.

• Modern electronic devices use temperature of condensation (the dew point), or

changes in electrical capacitance or resistance to measure humidity differences
 Hygrometer
• Certain hygroscopic materials such as human hair, animal membranes,
wood, paper, etc., undergo changes in linear dimensions when they
absorb moisture from their surrounding air.

• This change in linear dimension is used as the measurement of

humidity present in air.
 Description

• Human hair is used as the humidity sensor.

• The hair is arranged in parallel beam and they are separated from one another to expose them
to the surrounding air/atmosphere.

• Number of hairs are placed in parallel to increase mechanical strength.

• This hair arrangement is placed under small tension by the use of a tension spring to ensure
proper functioning.

• The hair arrangement is connected to an arm and a link arrangement and the link is attached to
a pointer pivoted at one end.
• The pointer sweeps over a humidity calibrated scale.
 Hair
Hygrometer

• Human hair has a property that its length increases when it is wet and its length decreases
when it goes dry .
 Operation

• When the humidity of air is to be measured, this air is made to surround the hair arrangement
and the hair arrangement absorbs the humidity from the surrounding air and expands or
contracts in the linear direction.

• This expansion or contraction of the hair arrangement moves the arm & link and thus the
pointer to a suitable position on the calibrated scale and thus indicating the humidity present in
the air/atmosphere.

• Precaution : These Hair hydrometers are called membrane hydrometers when the sensing
element is a membrane
 Applications
• These hydrometers are used in the temperature
range of 0’C to 75’C.

• These hydrometers are used in the RH (Relative

Humidity) range of 30 to 95%.
 Wet & Dry Bulb
Hygrometer
• A pyschrometer or wet & dry bulb thermometer , consist of two thermometers , one that is kept
moist with distilled water on a sock or wick .

• At temperatures above freezing point of water evaporation of water from the wick lower
temperatures so that the wet-bulb usually shows a lower temperature than that of the dry-bulb
thermometer .

• When the air temperature is below freezing , however the wet-bulb is covered with a thin
coating of ice and may be warmer than the dry bulb
 Dry Bulb Hygrometer
•
(DBT)
The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in
a placed sheltered from direct solar radiation .

• The term dry-bulb is customarily added to the temperature to distinguish it from wet-bulb and
dew-point temperature .

Wet Bulb Hygrometer

(WBT)
• The thermodynamic wet-bulb is a thermodynamic property of mixture of air and water vapor .
The value indicated by a wet-bulb thermometer often provides an adequate approximation of
the thermo-dynamic wet-bulb temperature
Wet & Dry Bulb
Hygrometer
 Sling Hygrometer
• A sling psychrometer, which uses thermometers attached to a
handle or length of rope and spun in the air for about one
minute, is sometimes used for field measurements, but is being
replaced by more convenient electronic sensors.

• A whirling psychrometer uses the same principle, but the two

thermometers are fitted into a device that resembles a ratchet or
football rattle.
Sling Hygrometer
 Operation

• In order to measure the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature, the Psychrometer frame – glass
covering – thermometer arrangement is rotated at 5 m/s to 10 m/s to get the necessary air
motion.

• The thermometer whose bulb is bare contacts the air indicates the dry bulb temperature. At the
same time, the thermometer whose bulb is covered with the wet wick comes in contact with the
air and when this pass on the wet wick present on the bulb of the thermometer, the moisture
present in the wick starts evaporating and a cooling effect is produced at bulb.

• Now the temperature indicated by the thermometer is the wet bulb thermometer which will
naturally be lesser than the dry bulb temperature.
 Applications
• It is used for checking humidity level in air conditioned rooms and
installations.

• It is used to set and check hair hygrometer.

• It is used in the measurement range of 0 to 100% RH.

• It is used for measuring wet bulb temperature between 0’C to 180’C..