Learning and

Conditioning
To be presented to you by: Lance Alexis Castillo
Introduction to psychology
Topics to be discussed

• A. How learning takes place

• B. Types of learning
• C. Laws of learning
• D. Factors affecting learning
• E. Theories of learning
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditionin
- Social learning
- Insightful learning
How does learning take place?

• From birth to death, everyone is involved in continuous

learning. We all actively participate in learning
activities to strengthen our ability to adapt to the
demands of an ever-changing environment.
For learning to occur 2 things must happen:
1. the environment’s presence of a stimulus, and
2. the emotional and intuitive tendencies that are innate.
Types of learning

Here are the main types of learning have

been divided into four major categories:
visual, auditory, reading and writing, and
kinesthetic.
Visual learning

• A visual learner must think in images rather than

words. Charts, tables, graphs, maps, colors, and
diagrams are the finest teaching tools for visual
learners. Additionally, they learn better
holistically than sequentially or fragmentarily.
The simplicity of seeing the larger picture is one
advantage of being a visual learner.
Auditory learning

• A person learns by listening when he

participates in auditory learning. The
main learning for an auditory student is
speaking and listening.
Reading and writing

Reading and writing learners learn primarily

through reading and writing. They prefer to learn
information by reading notes, sheets and
textbooks. These students use dictionaries and
other reference materials. They also benefit from
writing notes and reading silently over and over
again.
Kinesthetic

Kinesthetic learning connects the educational

process to physical exercise. In order to learn
more successfully, the learner must feel or
move throughout this type of learning.
Laws of learning

There are three basic laws of learning stated by Professor

Thorndike although more have been added over the years.
Although they have been updated and completed over
time, they can essentially be attributed to him. The first
three are the basic laws: The first three are the basic
laws:
the law of readiness, the law of exercise, and the most
famous and still generally accepted, the law of effect. The
other three laws were added later as a result of
experimental studies: the law of primacy, the law of
intensity, and the law of recency.
The law of readiness

According to the Law of Readiness, learning occurs

when a person is cognitively and physically
prepared to receive stimuli. People learn best
when they are ready to learn, and if they don’t
perceive a cause to learn, they won’t learn much.
In general, motivated learners advance more
quickly than those who lack motivation. This is
because they have a strong purpose, a clear
target, and a good reason for learning.
The law of exercise

The Law of Practice emphasizes that repetition is

necessary for the formation of appropriate answers, and
the most often repeated is the easiest to remember. The
mind is rarely able to memorize new ideas or techniques
after just one exposure, but learning is reinforced each
time they are used. The trainer must give the students the
opportunity to repeat or practice the activity. Repetition
involves many different exercises such as physical
application, manual practice, revision and memorization.
Remember that if this work is not taught correctly,
practice only makes permanent, not perfect.
The law of effect

This law applies to the emotional response of the learner. Learning

is always significantly more effective when it involves or results in a
pleasant feeling, reward or satisfaction. When learning is associated
with a positive or rewarding feeling, it is reinforced; however, when
learning is followed by a negative event, it is disrupted. It is not
desirable for the student to feel defeated, frustrated, angry or
confused during the event. Teachers should avoid negative
motivation. It is usually better to show students that the challenge
is not insurmountable and that they know how to handle and solve
it.
The law of primacy

• According to this law, taking a leadership position often

leaves a lasting, almost undeniable impression. This
means that the teacher’s initial lesson plans must be
precise. A subject must be corrected if it was taught
incorrectly. Reteaching a subject is more difficult than
teaching it right the first time. The first learning
experience of the trainees must be fruitful and
functionally related to the training.
The law of intensity

According to the intensity principle, behavior change is

more likely if the stimulus is real. Lively, dramatic or
exciting learning experiences convey more information
than those that are monotonous or boring. A student will
get more information from a real article than from a copy.
Sketches, demonstrations and models greatly enhance
trainees’ learning opportunities.
The law of recency

• It is easiest to recall information that has just been taught, whereas

it is more challenging to recall information that has been learned in
the past. For instance, recalling a phone number from only a few
minutes ago can be tricky, but remembering one from a week ago is
typically impossible. Warm-ups, reviews, and similar exercises all
operate under the premise that the more recent the activity, the
more potent the result. Just before employing a skill or new notion,
practice it to maximize performance. The law of recency is
understood by teachers when they prepare a lesson summary or
lecture conclusion. At the conclusion of a lesson, reiterate, rephrase,
or highlight crucial points to ensure that students remember them.
Factors affecting learning

• The four primary elements that affect learning are

highlighted in the following points.
1. Physiological Factors
2. Psychological Factors
3. Environmental Factors
4. Methodology of Instructions.
1. Physiological Factors

Physiological factors include sensory perception, physical

health, sleep quality, learning load, food and drink, age
and environmental influences.
Some examples include:
Sense perception. Age
Physical health
Fatigue
Time of learning
Diet
2. Psychological factors

• A person’s wellbeing will affect their ability to learn new

things going forward of the following issues exist that
will hamper ones learning:
Poor mental health
No motivation or interest
Success, Praise and Blame
Rewards and punishment
3. Environmental Factors

• Students’ learning outcomes are greatly

influenced by their learning environment. Open
spaces and noise in schools, inappropriate
temperatures, inadequate lighting, overcrowded
classrooms, improper placement of blackboards
and inappropriate classroom organization can
disrupt students in the classroom.
4. Methodology of Instructions

Presentation and material arrangement:

Material for studies must be carefully organized and

planned. It ought to be assessed in light of the
students’ intellectual capacity. It needs to be
presented in a compelling and relevant way.
Methodology of instructions

Learning by doing:
• It takes practice to get flawless. Learning
requires practice and repetition. Activities should
inspire students to discover new things. Practical
application of knowledge, experimentation, and
individual application should take the role of
theoretical instruction. The best way for kids to
learn is by doing. There shouldn’t be much
chitchat.
Theories of learning

The theories of learning include 4 parts these

include the following:
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Social learning
- Insightful learning
Classical conditioning

A type of conditioning known as classical conditioning occurs

when a person reacts to a stimuli that would not typically elicit
that response.
It is the process of coming to link a specific aspect of our
surroundings with making future predictions.
One of the simplest learning processes is classical conditioning,
which involves associating a certain experience with a
different desired occurrence and producing a behavior as a
result.
Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning, often known as instrumental

conditioning, is a teaching strategy that use
rewards and penalties to alter behavior. Through
operant conditioning, conduct that is rewarded is
likely to be repeated, and behavior that is
punished will rarely occur.
Social learning

According to the social learning theory, people

learn social conduct through seeing and copying
the actions of others. The social learning theory
was created by psychologist Albert Bandura as an
alternative to the earlier research of his colleague
B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behaviorism.
Insightful learning

Immediately recognizing the connection between

problem and solution is comprehension learning.
Through learning and gaining understanding, the
answer to a problem not only comes out of
seemingly nowhere, but also easily repeats itself
presented again in the future.
That is all thank you for
listening