Introduction to Programming in C++

Seventh Edition

Chapter 5:
The Selection Structure
 Objectives

• Include the selection structure in pseudocode and in a

flowchart
• Code a selection structure using the if statement
• Include comparison operators in a selection structure’s
condition
• Include logical operators in a selection structure’s
condition
• Format numeric output

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 2

 Making Decisions

• With only the sequence structure, all instructions are

executed in order
• A selection structure is needed when a decision must
be made (based on some condition) before selecting an
instruction to execute
• A selection structure’s condition must be phrased as a
Boolean expression (evaluates to true or false)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 3

 Making Decisions (cont’d.)

• Single-alternative selection structure

– Set of instructions is executed only if condition evaluates to
true
• Dual-alternative selection structure
– Executes different sets of instructions based on whether
condition evaluates to true or false
• True path
– Instructions followed when condition evaluates to true
• False path
– Instructions followed when condition evaluates to false

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 4

 Coding a Selection Structure in C++

• The if (and else) statement is used to code most

selection structures in C++
• Syntax
if (condition)
one or more statements (true path)
[else
one or more statements (false path)]
• Keyword if and condition are required
• Portion in brackets (else clause) is optional
– Only used for dual-alternative selection structures

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 5

 Coding a Selection Structure in C++
(cont’d.)
• Programmer must supply condition and statements in
true (and, optionally, false) path
• If path contains more than one statement, must be
entered as a statement block (enclosed in {})
• Good programming practice to put comment at end of
clause (example: //end if)
– Makes program easier to read and understand
• The condition must be a Boolean expression
– May contain variables, constants, arithmetic operators,
comparison operators, and logical operators

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 6

 Coding a Selection Structure in C++
(cont’d.)

Figure 5-6 How to use the if statement

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 Figure 5-6 How to use the if statement (cont’d)

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 Comparison Operators

• Comparison operators are used to compare two values

that have the same data type
– less than (<)
– less than or equal to (<=)
– greater than (>)
– greater than or equal to (>=)
– equal to (==)
– not equal to (!=)
• No spaces between dual-character symbols

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 9

 Comparison Operators (cont’d.)

• Have precedence numbers like arithmetic operators

• <, <=, >, and >= have precedence value 1
• == and != have precedence value 2
• Lower precedence evaluated first
• Equal precedence evaluated left to right
• Parentheses used to override precedence order

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 10

 Comparison Operators (cont’d.)

• Expressions with comparison operators always evaluate

to Boolean values
• Don’t confuse equality operator (==) with assignment
operator (=)
• Don’t use equality (==) or inequality operator (!=) to
compare real numbers
– Real numbers cannot be stored exactly
– Instead, test that absolute value of their difference is
within some small threshold

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 11

 Comparison Operators (cont’d.)

Figure 5-7 How to use comparison operators

in an if statement’s condition
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 12
 Comparison Operators (cont’d.)

Figure 5-8 Evaluation steps for an expression containing

arithmetic and comparison operators

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 13

 Swapping Numeric Values

• Example program (next slide) takes in two integers,

swaps them if first is greater, and then prints out lower
number, followed by higher number
• Uses single-alternative selection structure with
statement block in true path
• Creates temporary variable to accomplish swap
• Temp variable can only be used in statement block in
which it is declared; called a local variable

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 14

 Swapping Numeric Values (cont’d.)

Figure 5-9 IPO chart information and C++

instructions for the swapping program
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 Swapping Numeric Values (cont’d.)

Figure 5-10 Illustration of the swapping concept

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 Displaying the Sum or Difference

• Example program (next slide) displays the sum or

difference of two numbers entered by the user
• Choice of addition or subtraction is entered by user as
well
• Uses a dual-alternative selection structure

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 17

 Displaying the Sum or Difference
(cont’d.)

Figure 5-13 IPO chart information and C++

instructions for the sum or difference program

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 Logical Operators

• Logical operators allow you to combine two or more

conditions (sub-conditions) into one compound
condition
• Also called as Boolean operators (always evaluate to
true or false)
• Two most common are And (&&) and Or (||)
• All sub-conditions must be true for a compound
condition using And to be true
• Only one of the sub-conditions must be true for a
compound condition using Or to be true
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 19
 Logical Operators (cont’d.)

• And evaluated before Or in an expression

• Logical operators evaluated after arithmetic and
comparison operators
• Parentheses can override precedence ordering
• Truth tables summarize how computer evaluates logical
operators
• Only necessary sub-conditions are evaluated; called
short-circuit evaluation
– Example: if first sub-condition in an And clause is false,
second sub-condition need not be evaluated
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 20
 Logical Operators (cont’d.)

Figure 5-16 How to use logical operators in an if statement’s condition

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 21

 Logical Operators (cont’d.)

Figure 5-16 How to use logical operators in

an if statement’s condition (cont’d)
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 Logical Operators (cont’d.)

Figure 5-17 Truth tables for the logical operators

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 Using the Truth Tables

• Two example problem descriptions are given, and truth

tables for And and Or operators are used to find
appropriate sub-conditions and logical operators
• Calculate bonus for A-rated salespeople with monthly
sales greater than $5000
rating == ‘A’ && sales > 5000
• Send letter to all A-rated and B-rated salespeople
rating == ‘A’ || rating == ‘B’

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 24

 Calculating Gross Pay

• Example problem description is given in which the gross

pay of an employee must be calculated
• Program must verify that number of hours worked is
between 0 and 40
• Process of verifying that input data is within expected
range is known as data validation
• Program outputs gross pay if the number of hours
worked is valid and is an error message otherwise

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 25

 Calculating Gross Pay (cont’d.)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 26

 Calculating Gross Pay (cont’d.)

Figure 5-19 First sample run of

the gross pay program’s code

Figure 5-20 Second sample run of

the gross pay program’s code

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 Pass/Fail Program

• Example problem description is given in which program

must output “Pass” if user enters ‘P’ or ‘p’, and “Fail”
otherwise
• Character comparisons are case sensitive in C++
• Program must check separately whether the user
entered ‘P’ or ‘p’
• Dual-alternative selection structure is used to
implement program
• Compound condition with Or operator is used to
perform check
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 28
 Pass/Fail Program (cont’d)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 29

 Pass/Fail Program (cont’d.)

Figure 5-22 First sample run of

the Pass/Fail program’s code

Figure 5-23 Second sample run of

the Pass/Fail program’s code

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 30

 Summary of Operators

Figure 5-24 Listing and an example of

arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 31
 Converting a Character to Uppercase
or Lowercase
• toupper and tolower functions used to convert
characters between uppercase and lowercase
• toupper function temporarily converts a character to
uppercase; tolower function temporarily converts a
character to lowercase
• Syntax is toupper(charVariable) and
tolower(charVariable)
• Item between parentheses in a function’s syntax is
called an argument – information the function needs to
perform its task

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 32

 Converting a Character to Uppercase
or Lowercase (cont’d.)
• Each function copies the character in its argument to a
temporary location in internal memory, converts the
character to the appropriate case, and returns the
temporary character
• Neither function changes the contents of its argument,
but rather, changes the temporary variable

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 33

 Converting a Character to Uppercase
or Lowercase (cont’d.)

Figure 5-25 How to use the toupper and tolower functions

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 34
 Formatting Numeric Output

• Real numbers are displayed in either fixed-point or

scientific (e) notation
• Small real numbers (six or less digits before decimal
place) displayed in fixed-point notation
– Example: 1,234.56 displayed as 1234.560000
• Large real numbers (more than six digits before decimal
place) displayed in e notation
– Example: 1,225,000.00 displayed as 1.225e+006
• Purpose of program determines appropriate format

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 35

 Formatting Numeric Output (cont’d.)

• Stream manipulators allow control over formatting

• fixed stream manipulator displays real numbers in
fixed-point notation
• scientific stream manipulator displays real
numbers in e notation
• Stream manipulator must appear in a cout statement
before numbers you want formatted
• Manipulator can appear by itself in a cout statement or
can be included with other information

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 36

 Formatting Numeric Output (cont’d.)

• Manipulator remains in effect until end of program

execution or until another manipulator is processed
• Numbers formatted with fixed stream manipulator
always have six numbers to the right of the decimal
place
– Number is padded with zeros if there aren’t six digits
• Example: 123.456 is displayed as 123.456000
– Number is rounded and truncated if there are more than
six digits
• Example: 123.3456789 is displayed as 123.345679

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 37

 Formatting Numeric Output (cont’d.)

• setprecision stream manipulator controls number

of decimal places
• Syntax setprecision(numberOfDecimalPlaces)
• You can include setprecision and fixed
manipulators in the same cout statement
• Definition of setprecision manipulator contained in
iomanip file
• Program must contain #include <iomanip>
directive to use setprecision manipulator

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 38

 Formatting Numeric Output (cont’d.)

Figure 5-26 How to use the fixed

and scientific stream manipulators
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 39
 Formatting Numeric Output (cont’d.)

Figure 5-27 How to use the

setprecision stream manipulator

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 40

 Problem

• Create a program that will determine the equivalent

grade. Grade Equivalent Grade
0 Failed
60 3.0
65 2.75
70 2.50
75 2.25
80 2.0
85 1.75
90 1.50
95 1.25
97 1.0

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 41

 Sample

Enter Grade = 50
Equivalent Grade = FAILED

Enter Grade = 65.5

Equivalent Grade = 2.75

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Seventh Edition 42