Week 7- The Introduction and Statement of the Problem Ma.

Joan Cho-Pataueg
 Parts of Chapter 1

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
• Introduction
• Conceptual Framework/Theoretical Framework
• Research Paradigm
• Statement of the Problem
• Significance of the Study
• Scope and delimitation
• Definition of Terms
 INTRODUCTION
They guide the reader from a general subject area to the
narrow topic that your paper covers.
Why is an introduction vital to a
research paper?
v What should you include in an
introduction for a research paper?
v What should you include in an
introduction for a research paper?
 The first page of the introduction
MUST include your own ideas,in your
own words. Do NOT cite other
information from other sources.
 of the

A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim

that outlines the problem addressed by a study. The statement
of the problem briefly addresses the question:

What is the problem that the research will address?

 What are the goals of a statement
of the problem?

The ultimate goal of a statement of the problem is to transform a

generalized problem (something that bothers you; a perceived lack) into a
targeted, well-defined problem; one that can be resolved through focused
research and careful decision-making.

Writing a statement of the problem should help you clearly identify the purpose of the research
project you will propose. Often, the statement of the problem will also serve as the basis for the
introductory section of your final proposal, directing your reader’s attention quickly to the issues that
your proposed project will address and providing the reader with a concise statement of the proposed
project itself
A qualitative study of perceptions of first-year college students
regarding technology and college readiness
Trenton A. Grundmeyer
A Qualitative Study Exploring Faculty Perception and
Adaptation of Social Presence in the Online Classroom
Kathleen J. Marino
Students' Perceptions of Bullying After the Fact:
A Qualitative Study of College Students' Bullying
Experiences in Their K-12 Schooling
William P. Williams
Women’s Friendship Dissolution:
A Qualitative Study
Katie S. Jalma
 Parts of Chapter 1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
• Introduction
• Conceptual Framework/Theoretical Framework
• Research Paradigm
• Statement of the Problem
• Significance of the Study
• Scope and delimitation
• Definition of Terms
CONCEPTUAL AND
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Concept - is an idea that has
been formally developed and
organized.

Theory - is a set of concepts,

models, principles, definition
etc. that make sense of a
phenomenon by determining
relationship among variables.
Theories are established and
validated by experiments and
evidence.
 Purpose of Conceptual
Framework

A conceptual framework is like a roadmap

for your study, helping you visualize your
research project and put it into action. It
defines the relevant variables for your study
and maps out how they might relate to each
other.
 What Is a Theoretical
Framework?
Theoretical frameworks provide four dimensions of
insight for qualitative research that include:
(1) provide focus and organization to the study,
(2) expose and obstruct meaning,
(3) connect the study to existing scholarship and
terms, and
(4) identify strengths and weaknesses.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 Purpose of Theoretical
Framework
A theoretical framework introduces and
describes the theory/theories underpinning
the research problem. Thus, it support
research by describing and/or drawing from
relevant theoretical aspects obtained in
previous work.
 Key Difference
Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework
 It is more about the approach a  It is developed from existing
researcher takes in answering theory/theories.
the research question.
 It is derived from concepts.  It is derived from theory
 Is composed of several  By itself, one theory alone can
concepts. serve as a theoretical
framework.
 It identify the factors  It arises from outcomes based
influencing a particular field. on a single study, based on one
E.g. exploration of masquerade or more theories. E.g Darwin’s
mimicry in animals based on theory of Evolution by natural
phenomena such as protective selection.
mimicry, crypsis and
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:EXAMPLE
The study is focused on investigating the performance of
teachers teaching the subjects Mathematics and Technology and
Livelihood Education (TLE) to determine its implication to the
academic performance of high school students. Math and TLE are
two disciplines that are important for secondary students who are
preparing for collegiate degrees. These two subjects also have
practical importance in the students’ everyday life.
In the course of the study, profile variables of the teachers
such as their age, sex, teaching position, number of years in
teaching and highest degree obtained are looked into whether
these have an effect on their teaching performance.
 EXAMPLE
In the study of Shah (2018), stressed that age, gender and experience has an
effect on teaching. The first impression was more the age and experience, better
is the teacher. In his study, he considered two important variables, the gender
and age of the teacher affecting the teaching – learning process. Many students
preferred ladies as teacher and the reasons attributed were, their sincerity, hard
work, efforts taken in preparing lectures, and politeness. Literature points out
that students are little biased to female teachers, which may be related to many
factors like empathic listening, better understanding and view of concern shown
by them (Feldman K.A,. 1993).
The performance of the teachers in Mathematics and TLE is based on their
annual Result-Based Performance Management System (RPMS). This teacher
performance shall be correlated to the final grades of the students in the two
subjects, Math and TLE. The results of the study shall provide meaningful
insights into improving instruction in the two subjects.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:EXAMPLE
…CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:EXAMPLE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:EXAMPLE
RESEARCH
PARADIGM
RESEARCH PARADIGM
Independent-Dependent Variable Model

The paradigm illustrates the variables

included in the study. It shows the
independent variables and dependent
variable of the study. The independent
variable includes the different
collaborative learning strategies such as
cooperative learning, talk partners and
think-pair-share which were employed
to the Grade 11 GAS and HUMSS
students for the second quarter.
Meanwhile, the dependent variable
comprises the pretest and posttest
scores of the students in General
Mathematics, the Academic
Performance of students for the 1st and
2nd quarter and the effect of some
collaborative learning strategies to the
mathematics performance of students.
Independent-Dependent Variable Model
Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model
Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model

The paradigm illustrates the processes

this study has undertaken following the I-P-
O model. The inputs were the performance
of Grade 11 students in Pre-Calculus under
face-to-face and distance learning and the
perceived benefits and challenges of the
teachers and students under face-to-face
and distance learning. The processes being
considered to gather information for the
inputs were to analyze performance of
students through their final grade in Pre-
Calculus and analyze the questionnaire
cascaded by the teachers and students on
the benefits and challenges of face-to-face
and distance learning. Lastly, the output
includes the unveiling of identified benefits
and challenges and its effect to students’
performance.
Concept Map

Let’s say your

research is
about Coping to the
Remote Learning
System: Anxiety
Levels of College
Students.
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
 What is Significance of the Study?

The significance of the study is a written

statement that explains why your research was
needed. It's a justification of the importance of your
work and impact it has on your research field, it's
contribution to new knowledge and how others will
benefit from it.
 Note:

Arrange the list from the most significant part

of your research to the least.

List varies depending on the study.

EXAMPLE
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The scope details how in-depth your study is

to explore the research question and the
parameters in which it will operate in relation to
the population and timeframe. The delimitations
of a study are the factors and variables not to
be included in the investigation.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
Example:
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
 Note:

Arrange alphabetically.
 Reminder:

• Double spacing
• Bookman Old
• Size 12
• Use A4 paper size