CLASSIFICATION OF

PLANT BASED ON WATER

REQUIREMENT
1. MESOPHYTES - are terrestrial plants which
are neither adapted to particularly dry nor
particularly wet environments
2. XEROPHYTES - any plant adapted to life in a
dry or physiologically dry habitat (salt marsh,
saline soil, or acid bog) by means of
mechanisms to prevent water loss or to store
available water.
3. HYDROPHYTES - refers to the aquatic plant
bodies that live freely, entirely or partially
submerged in different aqueous
environments..
4. HALOPHYTES - is a salt-tolerant plant that
grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming
into contact with saline water.
PLANT BASED ON THEIR
HABITAT OR
ENVIRONENT
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT
BASED ON THEIR LIFE SPAN
PLANT BASED ON THEIR
HABIT OF BODY
APPEARANCE
NATURAL SYSTEMATIC
CLASSIFICATION OF
PLANT
 PINOPHYTA – is the largest and most diverse
division of gymnosperm.

 Most are evergreen keeping their leaves year

around.

 a very few are Deciduous Tree-

Dropping off their leaves at the
same time.
ADDITIONAL PLANT
MORPHOLOGY
REFERENCES
 Leaf Shape and Plant
Identification
 Leaves are one of the  Veining Patterns
primary characteristics in – Parallel
plant identification  Run parallel with
– Veining
length of the leaf
– “Structure”  Are connected by
– Shape minute, straight veins
– Margins  Prominent in
– Arrangement monocots
 Leaf Veins – Net
– Veins are the continuation  Pinnate
of vascular tissue from the
stem, through the petiole
 Palmate
 Prominent in dicots
Types of Leaf Veins
 Leaf “Structure”, Shape,
and Margins
 “Structure”  Margins
– Simple – Entire
– Compound – Serrate
 Palmate – Crenate
 Pinnate – Dentate
 Double Pinnate – Ciliate
 Shape – Lacerate
– Sinuate
– Blade
– Incised
– Apex
– Lobed
– Base – Cleft
Simple and Compound
Leaf Types
Leaf Shapes
 Common Leaf Shapes
 Acuminate: Tapering to a long, narrow point.
 Acute: Ending in an acute angle,
with a sharp but, not
acuminate point.
 Obtuse: Tapering to a rounded
edge.
 Sagittate: Arrowhead-shaped, with two
pointed lower lobes.
 Truncate: Having a relatively square end.
Leaf Margins
 Common Leaf Margins
 Entire: A smooth edge with no teeth or notches.
 Serrate: Having small, sharp teeth pointed toward
the apex.
 Dentate: Having teeth ending in an acute angle,
pointing outward.
 Crenate: Having rounded teeth.
 Sinuate: Having a pronounced sinus or wavy
margin.
 Incised: Margin cut into sharp, deep, irregular
teeth or incisions.
 Lobed: Incisions extend less than halfway to the midrib.
 Cleft: Incisions extend more than halfway to the midrib.
 Leaf Arrangement
 Leaf arrangement along  Uses of Leaves
the stem
– Rosulate
– Food
 Basal leaves form a rosette  Humans
 Short internodes  Animals
– Opposite – Wild
 Two leaves exactly – Livestock
opposite
– Alternate – Ornamental
 Steps or spiraled  Color
– Whorled  Shape
 Circles of three or more
leaves – Soil Amendments
Leaf Arrangement
Leaf Arrangement
(cont.)
 Buds
 Buds are undeveloped  Types of Buds
shoots from which leaf
– Terminal – dominant
or flower parts arise  Auxin
 Bud Scales – Lateral or axillary
– Small, leathery, modified
leaves that cover buds
– Adventitious
 May originate from
 Bud Scale Scars internodes, leaves, or
– Scars formed when the callus tissue of stems
bud scales are removed or roots
– Used in plant  Chilling Requirements
identification  Bud Use
Root Structure
 Root Systems
 Two types of Root  Uses
Systems – Food
– Tap  Humans
 Develops a main tap – Fresh
root with various – Processed
amounts of lateral  Animals ?
rooting – Medicinal
– Fibrous  Dried
 Develops small roots  Fresh ?
that spread out in a
mat-like growth
 Flowers
 Flowers are generally the
showiest part of the plant,
but they also serve a
purpose
– Sexual Reproduction
 Color and / or
 Odor

attracts pollinators (insects)

 Flowers are least influenced
by environmental conditions;
therefore they are important
in plant identification.
 Flower Parts
 The number of sepals
 Sepals and / or petals helps
– Small, green leaf-like identify the family or
structures at the base genera
of the flower that – Dicots generally have
protect the flower bud multiples of 4 or 5
– Collectively – Calyx – Monocots generally
 Petals have multiples of 3
– Example
– Colored and aromatic  Members of the “Rose”
part family have 5 petals
– Collectively – Corolla and sepals.
 Reproductive Flower
Parts
 Female  Male
– Pistil (shaped like a – Stamen (flowers
bowling pin) often have a cluster
 Stigma (top) of stamens around
 Style (middle) the pistil)
 Ovary (bottom) – Anther (pollen sac)
– Placenta  Pollen is produced
– Ovules – develop by the anther
into seed after
pollination – Filament (“stem”)
supports the anther
 Structure of a
Generalized Flower
 Types of Flowers
 Complete – all four  Self-pollination
parts  Cross-pollination
 Incomplete – lacks
one part
 Monoecious – both
male and female
 Perfect – contains
flowers on one plant
both function pistils
and stamens  Dioecious –
 Imperfect – lacks a contains only male
functioning pistil or or female flowers on
stamen a single plant
Common Flower
Inflorescences
 Common Flower
Inflorescences (cont.)
 What Is a Fruit?
 Something you eat for
desert (not with the
 Types of fruit
entrée) – Simple
 Single flower – tomato
 Botanically, fruit is a
– Aggregate
ripened ovary
(compound)
– Mature ovules (seeds)  Single flower with
– Ovary wall (flesh) many ovaries –
 Examples strawberry

– Tomatoes, cucumber, – Multiple

eggplant, beans  Tight cluster of many
flowers – pineapple
 Seed Structure
 Three Main Parts
– Embryo – partially
 Seed Growth
developed plant in a – Germination –
dormant state resumption of seed
 Radicle – embryonic stem
 Hypocotyl – stem
growth
 Cotyledons – seed leaves
 Moisture
 Plumule – underdeveloped  Oxygen
stem and leaves  Favorable
– Endosperm – food source
temperature
– Seed Coat – protection  Light (sometimes)
from insects, diseases, and
germination
Primary Parts of
Common Seeds
 Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis – “to
 Carbon dioxide and water
are combined using solar
put together with light” energy
 Requirements:
 Simple sugars (glucose is
formed and oxygen is give
– Light off (in the chloroplasts)
– Carbon Dioxide  Simple sugars are then
converted into more
– Water complex sugars and
– Suitable Temperature starches; and stored
 All green tissue is capable
 Process – very of photosynthesis, but most
complicated, but a takes place in the leaves
 What limits photosynthesis?
simple description
Respiration and Transpiration
Respiration is the Transpiration is the process
“opposite” of by which plants loose water
photosynthesis vapor

-Carbohydrates are broken -90% of the water entering a

down and the energy plant is transpired
released is used for life
processes -Water movement is
important in moving nutrients,
minerals, sugars, and other
-As night-time compounds; as well as
temperatures increase, maintaining turgor pressure
respiration increases and evaporative cooling
How a Plant Grows
 Photosynthesis vs.
Respiration
 Photosynthesis  Respiration
– Produces sugars – Uses sugars for energy
– – Release energy
Stores energy
– Uses oxygen
– Releases oxygen
– Produces water
– Uses water
– Produces carbon
– Uses carbon dioxide dioxide
– Occurs in sunlight – Occurs in dark and
– Occurs in light
chloroplast – Occurs in all cells