Group 4 : NETWORKING

WHAT IS NETWORKING?
 Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices
that can exchange data and share resources with each other.
 These networked devices use a system of rules, called
communications protocols, to transmit information over physical
or wireless technologies.
 Components of Computer Network

A computer network is composed of:

• Hosts (PCs, laptops, handheld)
• Routers and switches (IP router, Ethernet switch)
• Links (wired, wireless)
• Protocols (IP, TCP, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA)
• Applications (network services)
• Humans and service agents
 Common Network Types

Local Area Network (LAN)

 Contains printers, servers
and computers
 Systems are close to each
other
 Contained in one office or
building
 Organizations often have
several LANs
 Common Network Types

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Two or more LANs connected
 Over a large geographical area
 Typically use public or leased
lines
- Phone Lines
- Satellite
- The internet is a WAN
 Campus Area Network (CAN)
Hybrid Network Types  A campus area network is larger than
local area network since it may span
multiple buildings with in a specific
area
 CANs are comprised of several
LANs connected via Switch & router
than combine to create a single
network. CAN have a maximum
length of 40 meters.
 CAN is a network that covers an
educational or corporate campus

Example: elementary schools, university

campuses, and corporate buildings
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Hybrid Network Types
 A metropolitan area network
(MAN) is a computer network that
connects computers within a
metropolitan area, which could be
a single large city, multiple cities
and towns, or any given large area
with multiple buildings.
 A MAN is larger than a
local area network (LAN) but
smaller than a
wide area network (WAN)
 Home Area Network (HAN)
 is a type of network that allows
different computers and other
Hybrid Network Types network devices in any room to
share resources, including the
internet access.
 is a type of computer network
that facilitates communication
among devices within the close
vicinity of a home.
 Example: smart devices,
printers
(connected over a network or each
other)
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
 A personal area network (PAN)
Hybrid Network Types
connects electronic devices within
a user's immediate area.
 The size of a PAN ranges from a
few centimeters to a few meters.
 One of the most common real-
world examples of a PAN is the
connection between a Bluetooth
earpiece and a smartphone.
 A PAN may be wireless or carried
over wired interfaces such as USB
Network architecture
 Computer network architecture defines the physical and logical framework of
a computer network
 It outlines how computers are organized in the network and what tasks are
assigned to those computers.
 Network architecture components include hardware, software, transmission
media (wired or wireless), network topology, and communications protocols.
 The design of computers, devices, and media on a network is sometimes called
the network architecture
Can be categorized as:
 Client/server network
 Peer-to-peer network
 Internet Peer-to-peer network
 How networks are structured

 Server based network

 Node is any network device
 Servers control what the node accesses
 Users gain access by logging in
 Server is the most important computer
Main types of network architecture
Two types of network architecture
1. Peer-to-peer (P2P)
 two or more computers are connected as “peers,” meaning they have equal power and
privileges on the network. A P2P network does not require a central server for
coordination. Instead, each computer on the network acts as both a client (a computer
that needs to access a service) and a server (a computer that serves the needs of the
client accessing a service). Each peer makes some of its resources available to the
network, sharing storage, memory, bandwidth, and processing power.
2. Client/Server network
- a central server or group of servers manage resources and deliver services to client
devices in the network. The clients in the network communicate with other clients through
the server. Unlike the P2P model, clients in a client/server architecture don’t share their
resources. This architecture type is sometimes called a tiered model because it's designed
with multiple levels or tiers.
Network Topologies

 A Network Topology refers to the layout of the computers and devices in a

communication network.

- Bus Network
- Star Network
- Ring Network
- Mesh Network
- Tree Network
 Bus Topology
- Also called linear bus
 is when every network node is
directly connected to a main
cable
 Terminator ends the wires
Advantages: Easy to setup, small
amount of wire
Disadvantages: Slow, easy to crash
 Star topology
 all nodes are connected to a
single, central hub and each
node is indirectly connected
through that hub.
Advantages: Easy to setup, one
cable can not crash network
Disadvantages: One hub crashing
downs entire network, uses lots of
cable

It is the most common topology

 Ring Topology
 Nodes connected in a circle
 Tokens used to transmit data
* nodes must wait for token to
send

Advantages: Time to send data is

known, no data collisions
Disadvantages: Slow, Lots of cable
 Mesh Topology
 All computers are connected
together
 Internet is a mesh topology

Advantage: Data will always be

delivered
Disadvantages: Lots of cable, Hard
to setup
Network Media

 Links that connect nodes

 Choice impacts
 Speed
 Security
 Size
Wired Based Media

 Twisted pair cabling

 Most common LAN cable
 Called Cat5 or 100BaseT
 Four pairs of copper cable
twisted
 May be shielded from
interference
 Speeds range from 1Mbps
to 1,000 Mbps
Wired Based Media

 Coaxial Cable
 Similar to cable TV wire
 One wire runs through
cable
 Shielded from interference
speeds up to 10 Mbps
Wired Based Media

 Fiber optic cable

 Data is transmitted with
light pulses
 Glass strand instead of
cable
 Immune to interference
 Very secure
 Hard to work with
 Speeds up to 100 Gbps
Wireless Media

 Wireless communication is also referred to as Unguided Media

or Unbounded transmission media.
 In this mode, no physical medium is required for the transmission
of electromagnetic signals.
 In wireless communication, we can transfer our message through
the air, water or vacuum i.e. Infrared, Radio wave, Microwave
wave
Network Hardware

 Network hardware is a set of physical or network devices that are

essential for interaction and communication between hardware
units operational on a computer network
 These are dedicated hardware components that connect to each
other and enable a network to function effectively and efficiently.
Fundamental Devices Of A Computer Network
 Modems - A modem enables a computer to connect to the internet via a
telephone line.

 Routers – Connects two or more LANs together

- Packets sent to remote LAN cross
- Network is segmented by IP address
- connect internal networks to the Internet
- need configured before installation
 Hubs - A hub broadcasts data to all devices on a network
- center of a star network
- The hub could be useful in linking a few gaming consoles in a local
multiplayer game via a wired or wireless LAN.
 Bridges
- is a network device that connects multiple LANs (local area networks)
together to form a larger LAN.
- A bridge connects the different components so that they appear as parts of a
single network.
- The process of aggregating networks is called network bridging.

 Switches
- A switch is more powerful than a hub or a bridge but performs a similar
role.
- Switches are key building blocks for any network. They connect multiple
devices, such as computers, wireless access points, printers, and servers; on the
same network within a building or campus.
 Network Interface Cards
- A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware unit installed on a computer,
which allows it to connect to a network.
- It is typically in the form of a circuit board or chip.
- In most modern machines, NICs are built into the motherboards, while in some
computers, an extra expansion card in the form of a small circuit board is added
externally.
 Network cables
- are a type of networking hardware used to connect a
network device to one or more other network devices, or to
connect two or more devices to a single computer or network
device.
- Network cables act as a medium through which
information and data travel from one network device to another.
Four types of network cables
1. Coaxial cables
2. Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable - mostly used in business,
suitable for areas w/ risks to the electrical current and
potential interference, used to expand the distance between
cables.
3. Fiber optic cable
4. Unshielded Twisted pair cable - mostly used for computer
networking and conventional telephone, suitable for
workgroups
 Firewall
- is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing
network traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies.
Quiz

1. Refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share
resources with each other
2. Network that is close to each other
3. A network that has two or more LANs connected
4. 4types of hybrid networks
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. Defines the physical and logical framework of a computer network
9. Most common LAN cable
10. Connects two or more LANs together