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Genetic Engineering Presentation - Student

This document provides information about genetic engineering and genetic modification. It discusses the structure of DNA, the process of creating transgenic organisms like glowing bunnies, and how genetic engineering is used to create organisms like E. coli that produce human insulin. It also describes the multi-step process of extracting a gene, inserting it into a plasmid, and transforming bacteria to create a transgenic bacterium. The document outlines various applications of genetically modified crops and cloning techniques.

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Asawni McDowell
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46 views28 pages

Genetic Engineering Presentation - Student

This document provides information about genetic engineering and genetic modification. It discusses the structure of DNA, the process of creating transgenic organisms like glowing bunnies, and how genetic engineering is used to create organisms like E. coli that produce human insulin. It also describes the multi-step process of extracting a gene, inserting it into a plasmid, and transforming bacteria to create a transgenic bacterium. The document outlines various applications of genetically modified crops and cloning techniques.

Uploaded by

Asawni McDowell
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENETIC

ENGINEERING

MRS. J.GORDON

09 /08 /2 023 1
G E N E T I C M O D I F I C AT I O N
GENETIC
M O D I F I C AT I O N

Review the
structure of DNA:

DNA is a double-stranded molecule. The strands coil up to form a double-helix. The strands are linked by a
series of paired bases.
 
Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A)
 
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
PROCESS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
The example you need to know is the creation of E coli bacteria that
makes human insulin.

However, a more fun example is Alba, the glow-in-the-dark bunny, and pigs that
makes the protein luminol (FGP) (taken from a jellyfish!)
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS

The organism that receives the


new gene from a different species
is a transgenic organism.

09 /08 /2 023 5
THE PROCESS

1) Plasmids are isolated from a bacterium.

2) They are cut open with a specific restriction enzyme.

3) The gene to be transferred is cut from the donor DNA using the same
restriction enzyme, so that the plasmid and the gene have the same
sticky ends and can be joined together. (ends match)
THE PROCESS

4) The 'opened-up' plasmids and the isolated gene are


mixed with a DNA ligase enzyme to create
recombinant plasmids.

5) Bacteria are incubated


with the recombinant DNA.

6) Some bacteria will take up the plasmids.

09 /08 /2 023 7
THE PROCESS

7) The bacteria that have taken up the


plasmid now contain the gene from the
donor cell. This could be a gene controlling
the production of human insulin.

8) The bacterium becomes transgenic.


MAKING A TRANSGENIC BACTERIUM
• Common vectors include Viruses and Plasmids

• Now your transgenic bacterium is complete. All you


need to do is grow it in a fermenter and it makes lots of
insulin for you!
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
TRANSGENIC ORGANISM

• Organism containing DNA from two or more sources (i.e. an


organism that’s been genetically engineered to express a
foreign gene)

• Plants are good to genetically engineer because they are


simpler and there are fewer ethical issues.
G E N E T I C A L LY M O D I F I E D ( G M ) C R O P S
ARE ENGINEERED TO:
• Have bigger yields

• Produce their own insecticide

• Be frost resistant (e.g. frost resistant strawberries)  

• Have resistance to disease

• Grow in harsher environments (e.g. drought-resistant rice)

• Grow in harsher environments (e.g. salt resistant wheat)

• Have a longer sell-by date (e.g. non-squash tomatoes)

• Be a different colour / taste to normal (e.g. chocolate flavoured carrots)

• Have vitamins in them that they would not normally have (e.g. golden rice)  

• Have stronger taste (e.g. chilli's)

• Be easier to eat (e.g. easy-peel oranges)


CLONING

Cloning is used to make many copies of a single individual. Usually, the


individual has a very desirable phenotype and has often been produced
at the end of a Selective Breeding or GE programme.
CLONES ARE: Genetically Identical Organisms
CLONING IN PLANTS

The easiest way to clone a plant is to take a cutting or a


graft (asexual reproduction).
However, micro propagation (tissue culture) can be
used in large-scale cloning programmes.
Which desirable characteristics in cloned plants do you
want to express (selective breeding vs GM)?
09 /08 /2 023 15
D I A G R A M O F P R O PA G AT I O N
D I A G R A M O F P R O PA G AT I O N
M I C R O P R O PA G AT I O N

1) Micro-propagation - small pieces of plants (explants) or


tissue samples are grown in a Petri dish on a nutrient medium
(agar).
Growing a living organism in an artificial environment is called
In Vitro.
2) Hormones/bleach are added to the explant so it will grow into a
miniature plant (a plantlet).

3) This can be done on a huge scale to produce 1000s of


plantlets from a single culture.
A D VA N T A G E S A N D D I S A D VA N T A G E S T O
CLONES
ANIMAL CLONING

1. Take an embryonic cell

2. Remove its nucleus (enucleate it)

3. Replace with the nucleus from an adult cell


(from the animal you want to clone)
4. Give it an electrical shock

5. The embryonic cell grows into an embryo


clone of the adult, from which the donor
nucleus came
09 /08 /2 023 20
ANIMAL CLONING

This process was used to create Dolly the


sheep
ANIMAL CLONING
T H E S H E E P
WHY CLONE?

• Cloning can be used beneficially in agriculture to increase


the yield of crop plants.
• Cloning genetically engineered animals organisms allows us
to mass-produce very useful organisms
e.g. the E. coli bacterium that makes human insulin has been
cloned many times.

• Now all diabetics have access to human insulin.


MAKING INSULIN
HUMAN ANTIBODIES
To make human antibodies:
1. Create transgenic mice with
human DNA (for immune system)
2. Infect mice with disease
3. Mice produce human antibodies
to disease
4. Collect mouse blood and remove
antibodies
5. Inject sick humans with
antibodies
1)Milk it or Bleed it
2)Can give more blood
COMMERCIAL ORGANS FROM
CLONES!!!!

The key word to this syllabus point is

EVALUATE

1) Morality

2) Political

3) Religious

Start
11.15
T H E C L O N E WA R S ! ! ! !

Advantages
• Development of cloned animals which have been genetically engineered to
produce valuable proteins in their milk or blood.

• Create identical organisms with exact genetic characteristics required.

• Cloning can save animals form extinction.

Disadvantages
• Concerns about the ethics of cloning.

• Cloning limits variation.


• This can effect natural selection.

• Concerns about using the technique to clone humans in the future.


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