Measures of Central Location

ARIEL F. MELAD
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
2020
Measures of Central Location

 Objectives: At the end of this module, you should be able

to
 A. solve measures of central tendency
 B. interpret measures of central tendency and
 C. apply different measures of central tendency like mean,
mode, median, including quartiles, percentiles, and
deciles particularly in business
Measures of Central Location

Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of Central Location

 Mean. The mean is simply the average of the raw

data. The mean is denoted by .
Measures of Central Location

Example 1. The following are data of sample birthweights of

live-born infants collected in the ICU (in kgs). Compute the
mean.
3.2 3.4 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.5

Hence, the average birthweights of live-born infants is

3.26 kgs.
 Measures of Central Location

Weighted Mean. The computation will be based on the

weights of the given data.
Measures of Central Location

Example 1. What is your GWA?

Subject Grade Unit 𝑥=
∑ 𝑥𝑤 85 ( 6 )+ 87 ( 3 ) +88 ( 3 )+ 90 ( 3 ) +89 (3)
=
Accounting 85 6 ∑𝑥 18

Statistics 87 3 =
Grammar 88 3
Filipino 90 3
Biology 89 3 The GWA is 87.33
 Measures of Central Location

Example 2. The following are data from the survey conducted

regarding the polio vaccination in a sample barangay.
PUROK Number Rating
of (O = 5, VS=4, S=3, F =
Participan 2, NS =1)
ts =
Purok1 20 3
Purok2 10 4
Purok3 25 3
Purok4 25 4 Hence, people are very satisfied in
Purok5 20 2 the conduct or implementation of
Purok6 25 5 polio vaccination in their barangay.
Purok7 25 3
 Measures of Central Location

 Properties of the Mean

 You can always compute the mean of any set of numerical data but
not qualitative data like nominal and ordinal data.
 There is one and only one mean of any set of numerical data.
 The means of several set of data can be combined to find the mean
of all the data.
 The mean is said to be the most preferred measure of central location
since it describes the balance point of any distribution and it uses all
values in the data set.
 Measures of Central Location

 Median. The median is simply the middle item of the raw

data. The median is denoted by .
 To find the median, first, arranged the data set in
ascending or descending order. The middle item, is the
median.
 If two middle items are identified, then get the mean.
 Measures of Central Location

Example 3. The following are data of sample birthweights of

live-born infants collected in the ICU (in kgs). Find the median.
3.2 3.4 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.5
First, arrange the data
2.8 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6
Hence, the median birthweights of live-born infants is
3.2 kgs.
 Measures of Central Location

Properties of the median

 The median is an average since the data is divided into parts.
 We can always find the median of any set of data except for
nominal data.
 There is one and only one median for a given set of data.
 The median of several sets of data cannot be combined to find the
median of all the data.
 The median can be used for ordinal type of data.
Measures of Central Location

 Mode. The mode is simply the most frequent

item of the raw data. The mode is denoted
by .

 Itis a measure that does not need any

calculation.
 Measures of Central Location

Example 4. The following are data of sample birthweights

of live-born infants collected in the ICU (in kgs). Find the
mode.
3.2 3.4 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.5
The most frequent data that appears in the given is 3.2.
Hence, the modal birthweights of live-born infants is
3.2 kgs.
Measures of Central Location

Example 5. The following are sample blood types of

Patients with HIV/AIDS. Find the mode.
Figure 1. Sample Blood Types of Patients with
HIV/AIDS
Hence, based from the collected
21% data, the modal blood type of patient
with HIV/AIDS is type O.
53% 16%

11%
A B AB O
 Measures of Central Location

Example 6. In a “Yes” or “No” response to an issue.

If the group is ask,
“Are you aware of the Sogie Bill?”.

If “Yes” occurred more frequently than “No”, then

we can say that “Yes” is the modal response .
 Measures of Central Location

Properties of the mode

 The mode may not exist-that is, every value does
not appear more than once.
 If the data is nominal, the mode can be used.
 The mode may not be unique.
 Measures of Central Location

Note:
 Unimodal – 1 mode
 Bimodal – 2 modes
 trimodal – 3 modes
 Multimodal – more than 3 modes
TRIVIA
Measures of Central Location

TRY THIS !

The mean, median and

mode can be generated
from the computer using
Microsoft Excel.
Measures of Central Location

 Step 1. Encode the data in the MS excel as shown below.

 Step 2. From the Data ribbon, click Data Analysis in the rightmost menu section.
 Step 3. Along the Data Analysis window, click Descriptive Statistics. Click OK.
 Step 4. In the Input section, enter C1: C15 into the Input Range box. In the Group
By section, click select columns. Since the input range includes the name of the
variable in the first row, click to place a check mark in the Labels in First Row box.
 Step 5. In the Output Options section, click to select Output Range, then enter E1
into the output range box. Click to a place a check mark in the Summary Statistics
box. Click OK.
Measures of Central Location

 Note: If Data Analysis ribbon is not yet installed in the excel. Just
follow these steps.
 Step 1. Click File ribbon then click Options.
 Step 2. In the Excel Options section, click Add-Ins section.
 Step 3. In the Add-Ins section, click Analysis ToolPak. Click GO
located below the window.
 It takes few minutes to install the Data Analysis ToolPak.
Measures of Central Location

 Fractiles. Measures of location. It divide the array

into n equal parts.


The most common measures of position are the

quartiles, deciles and percentiles.
Measures of Central Location

 Quartiles divide data into four equal parts,

namely Q1, Q2, and Q3.

 Measures of Central Location

Example 7. The following are data of sample birthweights of

live-born infants collected in the ICU (in kgs). Compute
the .
2.8 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6

First, see to it that the values are arranged in ascending order.

Since there are n = 7 values, thus, the middle value or the
median is 3.2. Hence,
Measures of Central Location

For the 1st and 3rd quartile,

2.8 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6
= 3.1. Hence, the first quartile is 3.1
; =1.75=2nd=3.1
= 3.4. Hence, the 3rd quartile is 3.4.
= 3.4
Measures of Central Location
 Deciles divide data into 10 equal parts, namely D1, D2,
D3… D9.

 In the previous data, D5 = 3.2. While,
 D2 1st = 2.8
 D7 = 3.4
Measures of Central Location

Percentiles divide the distribution into hundreds equal parts namely, P1, P2,
P3… P99


 2.83.13.23.23.43.53.6

In the previous data, P50 = 3.2. While,

 P25 = 3.1. Hence, 25% of the sample birth weights are below 3.1
kgs.
 Measures of Central Location

 P75 = 3.4

 Hence, 75% of the birth weights are below 3.4 kgs.

 P90=3.5
TotalItems CAT = 300 points
10,000 takers (10,000x.8=8,000)
P99.99= (150)
Percentile=80 Percentile (120)

120 150
References

 Melad, A. (2015). Statistics for Business.

Cagayan State University. Unpublished Module.
 Philippine Statistics Authority. Vital Statistics
Division. 2014.
 Rosner, B. (2016). Fundamentals of biostatistics,
8th edition. Copyright by Cengage Learning.