Network Protocol Models and Communications

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The Rules
What is Communication?

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The Rules
Establishing the Rules
Establishing the Rules

 An identified sender and receiver

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The Rules
Message Encoding

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The Rules
Message Formatting and Encapsulation
Example: Personal letter contains the following elements:
 An identifier of the recipient
 A salutation or greeting
 The message content
 A closing phrase
 An identifier of the sender

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The Rules
Message Size
The size restrictions of frames require the source host to break
a long message into individual pieces that meet both the
minimum and maximum size requirements.
This is known as segmenting.
Each segment is encapsulated in a separate frame with the
address information, and is sent over the network.
At the receiving host, the messages are de-encapsulated and
put back together to be processed and interpreted.

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The Rules
Message Timing
 Access Method
When to send? ….. When the medium is free
 Flow Control
How much info to be sent
 Response Timeout
Missing information may be resent or communication proceeded

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The Rules
Message Delivery Options

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Protocols
Rules that Govern Communications

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Protocols
Network Protocols
a set of rules to exchange information between n/w
devices that defines
 How the message is formatted or structured
 The process by which networking devices share information
about pathways with other networks
 How and when error and system messages are passed
between devices
 The setup and termination of data transfer sessions

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Protocols
Interaction of Protocols
 Application Protocol – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Defines the content and format of request and response msg
 Transport Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Splits the http msg into segments
add sender/receiver details
Establish connection and transmit the msg
Close the connection
 Internet Protocol – Internet Protocol (IP)
Splits the http msg into IP packets & adds sender and receiver details
 Network Access Protocols – Data Link & Physical layers protocols
defines electrical signals and mechanical standards of communication ex
Ethernet, PPP, Framerelay etc

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Protocol Suites
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards

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Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication

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Network Protocols and Standards
Standards Organizations

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Standards Organizations
Open Standards
 The Internet Society (ISOC)
 facilitates the open development of standards and protocols for the
technical infrastructure of the Internet
 The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Responsible for overall management and development of Internet
standards
 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
provides oversight of the architecture for protocols and procedures
used by the Internet
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 to develop, update, and maintain Internet and TCP/IP technologies.
 The International Organization for Standards (ISO)

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Standards Organizations
ISOC, IAB, and IETF

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Standards Organizations
IEEE
 38 societies
 130 journals
 1,300 conferences each year
 1,300 standards and projects
 400,000 members
 160 countries
 IEEE 802.3
 IEEE 802.11

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Standards Organizations
ISO

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 The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
 to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount
networking equipment.
 The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
 radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite
communications, 
 The International Telecommunications Union – ITU-T
standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and
broadband communications, 
 The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN)
coordinates IP address allocation, the management of domain names
used by DNS, and the protocol identifiers or port numbers used by TCP
and UDP protocols.
 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
is a department of ICANN responsible for overseeing and managing IP
address allocation
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Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model

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Reference Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model

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Reference Models
Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models

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Data Encapsulation
Communicating the Messages
 Segmenting message benefits
Different conversations can be interleaved
Increased reliability of network communications

 Segmenting message disadvantage

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Data Encapsulation
Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
 Data
 Segment
 Packet
 Frame
 Bits

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Data Encapsulation
Encapsulation

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Data Encapsulation
De-encapsulation

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Accessing Local Resources
Network Addresses & Data Link addresses
 Network Address
Source IP address
Destination IP address

 Data Link Address

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Accessing Local Resources
Communicating with Device / Same Network

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Accessing Local Resources
MAC and IP Addresses

R1
192.168.1.1
11-11-11-11-11-11
ARP
Request
PC1 S1 R1
192.168.1.110
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA

PC2
192.168.1.111
BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB

FTP Server
192.168.1.9
CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC

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Accessing Remote Resources
Communicating Device / Remote Network

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