Exponential

and
Logarithmic
Equations
Prepared by:

LITILLE MAE D. BALAGOSA

TOPICS
 Logarithms and Properties

 Rules for finding the Characteristics

 Exponential and Logarithmic

Equations

 Applications of Exponential and

Logarithmic equations

2
Introduction • John Napier introduced the concept of
Logarithms in the 17th century.
John Napier of Merchiston
• He was a mathematician, astronomer,
astrologer and physicist
• He believed in black magic and used to
travel with a spider in a box and his familiar
spirit was a black rooster
• He introduced logarithms as a way to
simplify calculations

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Introduction
A logarithm is the power to which a number
must be raised in order to get some other
number. 
What For example:

are the base ten logarithm of 100 is 2, because ten

raised to the power of two is 100
Logarithms?
because

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Introduction A way to find what is if we have

What
are Where: base
argument

Logarithms? • a and b are two positive real numbers

• x is a real number

• a is called an argument

• b is called the base

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Introduction

What
are Example:
Logarithms? 8

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Introduction
Base 10 (common) logarithms and natural
logarithms
- A base 10 (common) log is written:
Types
of base 10 logarithmic equation:

Logarithm - A natural logarithm is written:

natural logarithm equation:

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Introduction
Base 10 (common) logarithms
Example:
Types Common logarithm of 1000

of
Logarithm Natural logarithms
Example:
Natural logarithm of 78

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Logarithm Rules and Properties
1.Product Rule
2. Quotient Rule
3. Power Rule/Exponential Rule
4.Change of Base Rule
5.Base Switch Rule
6.Other Properties

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1. Product Rule

If a, m and n are positive integers and a ≠ 1, then;

Example:

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2. Quotient Rule
If a, m and n are positive integers and a ≠ 1, then;

Example:

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3. Power Rule/Exponential Rule
If a, m and n are positive integers and a ≠ 1, then;

Example:

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4. Change of Base Rule
If m, n and p are positive integers and n ≠ 1, p ≠ 1 then;

Example:

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5. Base Switch Rule

Example:

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Logarithm Rules and Properties

1.Product Rule
2. Quotient Rule
3. Power Rule/Exponential Rule
4.Change of Base Rule
5.Base Switch Rule
6.Other Properties

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Zero Rule

Example:
Find the value of x
1.
2.

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Identity Rule

Example:
Find the value of x
1.
2.
3.
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Log of Exponent Rule

Example:

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Equality Rule
iff

Example:

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Exponent of Log Rule

Example:

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Additional Information

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Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 1: Evaluate the expression below
using Log Rules

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Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 1: Evaluate the expression below
using Log Rules

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Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 1: Evaluate the expression below
using Log Rules
b.

. 24
Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 1: Evaluate the expression below
using Log Rules
c.

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Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 2: Expand the following logarithmic
expression

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Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 2: Expand the following logarithmic
expression

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Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 2: Expand the following logarithmic
expression

b.

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Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 2: Expand the following logarithmic
expression

c.

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Examples Applying the Log Properties
Example 3: Combine or condense the following
log expressions into a single logarithm:
a.

b.

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Activity
Ans. 6
1. Solve for x,

2. What is the value of ? Ans. 2

3. Solve for the value of x for Ans. 28

4.Solve for x in Ans. 32

5. Find the value of

Ans. -2
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 Activity
Expand the following logarithmic expression

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Activity
Combine or condense the following log
expression into a single logarithm:

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 TOPICS
 Logarithms and Properties

 Rules for finding the Characteristics

 Exponential and Logarithmic

Equations

 Applications of Exponential and

Logarithmic equations

34
 Characteristic of the Logarithm 

The characteristic of the

logarithm of a number is determined
Rules for by inspection and the mantissa by
the logarithmic table.
Finding the By definition, the integral part of a

Characteristics logarithm is
the characteristic, and
called
the
fractional part when expressed as a
positive decimal is called
the mantissa. 
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 By definition, the integral part of a
logarithm is called
the characteristic, and the fractional
Rules for part when expressed as a positive
decimal is called the mantissa. 
Finding the
Characteristics log 0.0054

Integral part Fractional part

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Characteristic of the Logarithm 

i) To find the characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater

than 1: the characteristic of the logarithm of a number whose integral
part consists of n digits is n – 1. Accordingly, we have the following
rule:
The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than 1 is
positive and is one less than the number of digits in the integral part
of the number.

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 “The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater
than 1 is positive and is one less than the number of digits
in the integral part of the number.”

Example:

Find the characteristics of the following log:

a.
Solution:
b.
Solution:
c.

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Characteristic of the Logarithm 

(ii) To find the characteristic of the logarithm of a number lying

between 0 and 1: the characteristic of the logarithm of a number
having n zeroes between the decimal sign and the first significant
figure is – (n + 1).Accordingly, we have the following rule:

The characteristic of the logarithm of a positive number less than 1 is

negative and is numerically greater by 1 than the number of zeroes
between the decimal sign and the first significant figure of the
number.

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 “The characteristic of the logarithm of a positive number
less than 1 is negative and is numerically greater by 1 than
the number of zeroes between the decimal sign and the first
significant figure of the number.”

Example:

Find the characteristics of the following log:

a.
Solution:
b.
Solution:
c.
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Activity
Determine the characteristics of the following:

→0
→0
→− 1
→3
→− 3
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 TOPICS
 Logarithms and Properties

 Rules for finding the Characteristics

 Exponential and Logarithmic

Equations

 Applications of Exponential and

Logarithmic equations

42
 • An exponential equation is an
equation in which the variable
appears in an exponent.

Exponential and
Logarithmic • A logarithmic equation is an
equation that involves the
Equations logarithm of an expression
containing a variable.

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Solving Problems Involving Exponential and logarithmic equations:

To solve exponential equations, first see whether you can write both sides of
the equation as powers of the same number. If you cannot, take the common
logarithm of both sides of the equation and then apply appropriate logarithmic
property. For logarithmic equations, simply apply the appropriate logarithmic
property/s.

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Solving Problems Involving Exponential and logarithmic equations:

Example:

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Solving Problems Involving Exponential and logarithmic equations:

Example:

b.

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Activity
Solve for the value of x:

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Activity
Solve for the value of x:

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 TOPICS
 Logarithms and Properties

 Rules for finding the Characteristics

 Exponential and Logarithmic

Equations

 Applications of Exponential and

Logarithmic equations

49
Applications of Exponential
and Logarithmic equations

Logarithms are nowadays widely used in the field of science and technology. We
can even find logarithmic calculators which have made our calculations much easier.
These find their applications in surveying and celestial navigation purposes. They
are also used in calculations such as measuring the loudness (decibels), the intensity
of the earthquake regarding the Richter scale, in radioactive decay, to find the
acidity, etc.
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Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic equations

 Exponential Growth
 Exponential Decay
 Compound Interest
 Population Growth
 Continuous Compounding

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