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Introduction To Statistics

This document provides an introduction to statistics. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive statistics, which involves summarizing and describing data through graphical displays and numerical measures, and inferential statistics, which involves using sample data to draw conclusions about populations. Key terms discussed include populations, samples, parameters, statistics, variables, and methods of data collection and presentation such as frequency distributions.

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rijah
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5 views

Introduction To Statistics

This document provides an introduction to statistics. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. There are two main branches of statistics: descriptive statistics, which involves summarizing and describing data through graphical displays and numerical measures, and inferential statistics, which involves using sample data to draw conclusions about populations. Key terms discussed include populations, samples, parameters, statistics, variables, and methods of data collection and presentation such as frequency distributions.

Uploaded by

rijah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Statistics

By

Dr. Khalil Ullah Awan

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Statistics

Statistics is a branch of science in which we


collect classify analyze and interpret the data.

 Collection

Classification

Analysis

Interpretation
Types of statistics

 Descriptive Statistics
 Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
The branch of statistics which deals with collection or
presentation and analysis of data

Also deals with concepts and methods concerned


with summarization and description of the data.

Graphical displays

Computation of numerical quantities

Information about the center part of the data


Inferential Statistics

The branch of Statistics which deals with


drawing conclusion (Inferences) and making
decisions about any population parameter on the
basis of sample data, is called inferential
statistics

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Most commonly used terms in Statistics

 Population
 Sample
 Parameter
 Statistic
 Constant
 Variable

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Population

Aggregate of material having some common


characteristics is known as population.

Total Number of observation in the data is


known as population size and it is denoted by
N
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Sample
A representative / smallest part of the
population is known as sample.

Total Number of observation in the data is


known as Sample size and it is denoted by n.

9
Parameter

 Any numerical value calculated from the


population data is known as parameter.
 Parameters are fixed numbers.
 Usually denoted by Greek letters
 For example mean and standard deviation are
denoted by  and 
Statistic

 Any numerical value calculated from the


Sample data is known as Statistic.
 Statistics are not fixed numbers they vary
from sample to sample.
 Usually denoted by Latin letters
 For example mean and standard
deviation are denoted by X and S
Constant

A value which does not changes but remains


fixed is known constant for example e= 2.71828

  3.14159

12
Variable
Any measurable characteristics which
changes its value with respect to time, place,
or person is known as Variable.

Variables are denoted by capital letters such


as X, Y, Z while their respective values are
denoted by small letters such as x, y, z
Types of variables

There are two types of variables

 Quantitative Variable

 Qualitative variable

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Quantitative Variable

 A variable is called Quantitative variable when it deals

with the characteristic which can be expressed

numerically

For example

 Height, weight, price, distance etc


Qualitative Variable

 A variable is called qualitative variable when it deals

with the characteristic which can not be expressed

numerically

For example

 Honesty, Complexion liking, disliking, opinion, etc


Types of Quantitative Variable

 Discrete Variable
 Continuous Variable
Discrete Variable

A variable which deals only whole number of values is


known as discrete variable.
For Example
 Number of family members
 Number of books in a library,

 Number of cars on the road

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Continuous Variable
A variable which takes each and every value in a
given interval is known as continuous variable.
OR
A variable which takes value in a decimals is
known as continuous variable.
For example
Height, Speed, Distance, Weight

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Data

Aggregate of facts and figures is known as data


Types of data

 Quantitative data

Discrete Data
Continuous data
 Qualitative Data
Classification of data according to
source

 Primary Data

 Secondary Data
Primary data

Data that have been originally collected and not have


undergone some sort of statistical treatment is known
as primary data

OR

Raw data is known as primary data


Secondary Data

Data that have undergone any sort of statistical


treatment by statistical methods at least one i.e. the
data have been collected classified, tabulated, or
presented in some form for a certain purpose is called
secondary data
Methods of primary data collection

Direct personal investigation


Indirect investigation
Collection through questionnaire
Collection through enumerators
Collection through local source
Methods of Secondary data collection

Officials
Semi officials
Journals and newspapers
Research organizations
Most commonly used terms in
Data Presentation
Classification
Frequency
Frequency distribution
Class limits
Class Boundaries
Class Interval
Class Mark
Relative Frequency
Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative Relative Frequency
Classification

Arrangement of data, or objects into different


groups or classes is known as classification
Types of Classification

 One way Classification


 Two Way Classification
 Multi way Classification
One way Classification

When data is classified according to one variable


it is known as one way classification
Two way Classification

When data is classified according to two


variables it is known as two way classification
Multi way Classification

When data is classified according to more than


two variables it is known as multi way
classification
Frequency

Number of observations falling in a


particular class is known as frequency of a
particular class. It is denoted by “f’
Frequency Distribution

A table showing different classes along with the


frequency of class is known as frequency
distribution
Class Limits

When the upper value of the first class is not


equal to the lower limit of the second class is
known as class limits
Class Boundaries

When the upper value of the first class is


equal to the lower value of the second class is
known as class boundaries
Class Interval

The difference between two connective lower class limits or


two connective upper class limits or two connective lower
class boundaries or two connective upper class boundaries is
known as class interval it is denoted by “h”
It is also known as class width/ Class height
In the case of class boundaries if we subtract upper class
boundary from the lower boundary of the same class we get
class interval
Class Mark

When we divide the sum of upper and lower class limits


or sum of upper and lower class boundaries by 2 we get
class mark.
It is denoted by X

It is also known as Mid point


Relative Frequency

When we divide the frequency of a specific


class by the sum of all the frequencies in a
frequency distribution we get Relative
frequency.

It is denoted by R.F or r.f


Cumulative Frequency

When we add the frequency of first class


to the frequency of the next class we
obtain cumulative frequency.

It is denoted by C.F
Cumulative Relative Frequency

When we divide the Cumulative frequency of


a each class by the sum of all the frequencies
in a frequency distribution we get Cumulative
frequency distribution

It is denoted by C.R.F or c.r.f


Construction of grouped frequency
distribution
The following points should be kept in mind while constructing grouped
frequency distribution ( Frequency distribution)
Decide the number of class into which the data to be grouped
Find the range of the data
Divide the range by the number of classes (Class interval)
Decide where to locate the lower class limit
Determine the remaining class limits
Divide the data into appropriate classes
Finally total the frequency column
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Graphical Representation of the Data

 Graphical representation of the data means to represent


the data by different charts, or graphs, Diagram
Most commonly used Charts for graphical
representation of the data
 Simple Bar Chart
 Multiple bar Chart
 Component bar Chart
 Rectangles and subdivided rectangles
 Pie diagram
 Histogram
 Frequency poly curve
 Frequency poly gone
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