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DCE208

This document provides an overview of telecommunications fundamentals and modulation techniques. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including the transmitter, receiver, and transmission link. It explains how long distance transmission is possible through modulation and demodulation. Modulation involves impressing a low frequency information signal onto a high frequency carrier wave. This allows for long distance transmission and utilization of the full channel capacity. The document outlines different analog modulation techniques like AM, FM, and PM as well as digital modulation techniques including PCM, MSK, BPSK, and QPK.

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Hafeex Shuaibu
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49 views21 pages

DCE208

This document provides an overview of telecommunications fundamentals and modulation techniques. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including the transmitter, receiver, and transmission link. It explains how long distance transmission is possible through modulation and demodulation. Modulation involves impressing a low frequency information signal onto a high frequency carrier wave. This allows for long distance transmission and utilization of the full channel capacity. The document outlines different analog modulation techniques like AM, FM, and PM as well as digital modulation techniques including PCM, MSK, BPSK, and QPK.

Uploaded by

Hafeex Shuaibu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FUNDAMENTALS
DCE208

09/02/2023 1
MODULE 1 PART 1
• COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• TRANSMITTER

• RECEIVER

• BASIC PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSION LINK

• HOW LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION IS POSSIBLE

• ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS


09/02/2023 2
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
A communication system carries information from
one system to another.
Telecommunication is a communication at a
distance.
A Telecommunication system is an integrated
platform for conveyance of information from one
point to another which may be close or
geographically remote.

09/02/2023 3
GENERIC MODEL OF
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

4
ELEMENTS OF COM SYSTEM
• Signal
* Electric voltage & current that varies with
time
* Used to carry message/information

• Message is in the form of characters or coded


symbols

• When messages are converted into signals, they can


be transmitted & received easily without problems 5
09/02/2023
OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION
• Telecommunication is a wide field covering both wired and wireless
communications

• The channel of communication depends on the mode of propagation


(ground, sky, satellite)

• The channel can be physical or wireless

• Physical channel (wire, cable coax, fiber)

• Wireless channel (microwave, radio-wave, satellite-wave)

• Power line (PHCN) can also be used to transmit messages


09/02/2023 6
TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER
• TRANSMITTER has 2 main functions:
* Generation of electric signals
* Conversion & adaptation of signals to the channel
- Frequency conversion, filtering, amplification &
transmission

• RECEIVER performs the reverse operation to


get back the transmitted message
* Design is complex & costly because of the
detection is a complex process
09/02/2023 7
TRANSMISSION LINK
• A communication link consists of three elements:
* Message generation & reception devices,
* Transmission components
* Repeaters

• Message source and sink


• Transmission components:
* Transmitter, channel & receiver

• Repeater is placed at suitable places on the link to either:


* Just amplify a signal – Analog (distortion + noise accumulation)
* Amplify and reconstruct a signal – Digital (error accumulation)

Digital regenerative repeaters do equalization, timing & decision making

09/02/2023 8
LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION
• Long distance transmission of information carrying
signals is possible because of 2 techniques:
• Modulation – impressing low frequency
information signal (sight,
sound, code, music or other
data ) onto a carrier of high-
frequency radio wave
• Demodulation – recovery of intelligence from a
modulated information signal

09/02/2023 9
ANALOG & DIGTAL TRANSMISSION

Analog/digital signal is transmitted in 2 ways :


1. Baseband transmission – Transmission of (analog/digital) signal without
modulation using a low-pass channel with an infinite or very wide
bandwidth.

* Single channel bandwidth that allows any 2 computer


systems to communicate (multiple connected systems - 2 at a time)

2. Broadband transmission – Transmission of (digital/analog) signal


with modulation of higher frequency signal using a bandpass
channel with a bandwidth.

* Multiple channels bandwidth that allows simultaneous


communication of multiple computer systems

09/02/2023 10
TRANSMISSION MODES

Different communication channels are:


Bandpass channel – passes a range of frequencies (f1 through f2)

Low (High) pass channel – passes low (high) frequency and rejects
high (low) frequency signals, i.e., signals < f1 (> f1 )

Bandstop channel – passes frequencies below & above the lower &
higher frequencies of a selected band

09/02/2023 11
REVISION OF MODULE 1 PART 1
• COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• ELEMENTS IN COMMUNICATION

• TRANSMITTER

• RECEIVER

• BASIC PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSION LINK

• HOW LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION IS POSSIBLE

• ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS


09/02/2023 12
MODULE 1 PART 2
• INTRODUCTION TO MODULATION

• CARRIER SIGNAL

• PRINCIPLE OF MODULATION & DETECTION

• CONCEPT OF MODULATION & DEMODULATION

• TYPES OF MODULATION
09/02/2023 13
MODULATION
• Modulation is the process of combining an audio-
frequency (AF) low-frequency baseband signal with a
radio-frequency (RF) high-frequency carrier wave (CW)
or
• Changing a radio-frequency (RF) carrier wave with AF
signal for the purpose of long distance transmission.

• The process takes place at the transmitter station

• The AF signal retains all its information content

09/02/2023 14
MODULATION PROCESS

09/02/2023 15
ELEMENTS MODULATED
• Some characteristic (amplitude, frequency or
phase) of the CW is varied in time with the
modulating signal (AF)

* The CW element fluctuations depend on the


corresponding characteristic of audio signal

* The rate at which these fluctuations take place


depends on the frequency of the audio signal.
09/02/2023 16
REASONS FOR MODULATION
Information baseband (or source) signal (audio, video, etc)
cannot be transmitted directly because:

1.Its bandwidth is large compared to a centre frequency


resulting in significant frequency distortion which cannot be
compensated
2.It lies outside transmission band frequency the media
3.It does not fully utilize channel capacity to facilitate signal
transmission
4.It has relatively a short range
5.Transmitting these low-frequency signals directly results in
mutual interference which renders all signals ineffective
6. Very large antennas required for its radiation
09/02/2023 17
BENEFITS OF MODULATION
• Ease of radiation with smaller antennas

• Multiplexing multiple signals on a common channel

• Frequency allocation to enable different signals broadcast at


different carrier frequencies

• Overcome equipment limitation via signals translation to


locations that meet design requirements

• Reduce distortion and interference information signals

• Get long distance transmission at full channel capacity


09/02/2023 18
CARRIER WAVE (CW)
• Is a high-frequency (electromagnetic) undamped radio-
frequency (RF) signal produced by oscillators

• It has the following characteristics:


* constant amplitude
* Travels with the speed of light
* inaudible (cannot produce any sound in the receiver’s
loudspeaker)

• Its function is to carry information signals (audio or video)


from transmitter to the receiver
09/02/2023 19
TYPES OF MODULATION
• Analog Modulation Technique (signal is transmitted
continuously with time):
* Amplitude (Envelope) modulation (AM)
* Frequency modulation (FM)
* Phase modulation (PM)

• Digital Modulation Technique (discrete samples of the


signal are transmitted at intervals):
* Pulse code modulation (PCM)
* Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
* Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
* Quadrature Phase Keying (QPK)
09/02/2023 20
Thank You

09/02/2023 21

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