Calculus & Analytical Geometry Instructor: Dr.

Naila Amir
MATH- 101 (SEECS, NUST)
Identifying Functions and
their graphs
Rational Functions
Graphs of rational functions:

Domain:
Domain:
Range:
Range:
Exponential Functions
Graphs of exponential functions:
Logarithmic Functions
Graphs of Logarithmic functions
Even and Odd Functions

A function 𝑦=𝑓 ( 𝑥)  is  an

 Examples:
4 2
1. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=5 𝑥 −2 𝑥 +1 Even function

2 . 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=5 𝑥5 −2 𝑥 3+ 𝑥 Odd function

3. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =sin 𝑥
4 . 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = s ec 𝑥
???
5. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =t an 𝑥
3 2
6 . 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=5 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 𝑥
Symmetric Graphs
 Symmetric about the y axis

FUNCTIONS
Symmetric about the origin
Even functions have y-axis Symmetry
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

Since a point lies on the graph if and only if the point

is also on the graph.
Odd functions have origin Symmetry
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

Since a point lies on the graph if and only if the point

also lies on the graph.
 x-axis Symmetry
We won’t talk about a function with x-axis symmetry
because it wouldn’t be a function.

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
Shifting Graphs
Shifting a graph of a function
 A shift is a rigid translation, means it does not change the shape or size of
the graph of the function. All that a shift will do is change the location of
the graph.
 A vertical shift adds/subtracts a constant to/from every y-coordinate while
leaving the x-coordinate unchanged.
 A horizontal shift adds/subtracts a constant to/from every x-coordinate
while leaving the y-coordinate unchanged.
 Vertical and horizontal shifts can be combined into one expression.
 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) +1=𝑥 2+1
yy





2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 3=𝑥 −3 

x
       
x
        













Vertical shift
 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=|𝑥| yyy
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) +2=|𝑥|+2




𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) −4=|𝑥|−4 



xxx
 
 
        
   













Vertical shift
 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 +2 )= ( 𝑥 +2 )
2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥
yy
y








2

𝑓 ( 𝑥− 1 )= ( 𝑥− 1 )
x x


 

 

 
         
















Horizontal shift
We can have a function that is shifted both vertically &
horizontally.
yy

y






 

 

up 3
x
         


xx
   
 
    




left 2 







Above is the graph of

What would be the graph of ?
Scaling Graphs
Scaling a graph of a function
 Scaling is a non-rigid translation in which the size and shape of the graph of a function is
changed.
 To scale the graph of a function we stretch or compress it, vertically or horizontally. This is
accomplished by multiplying the function , or the independent variable , by an
appropriate constant.
 A vertical scaling multiplies/divides every coordinate by a constant while leaving the
coordinate unchanged.
 A horizontal scaling multiplies/divides every coordinate by a constant while leaving the
coordinate unchanged. 
Reflection a graph of a function
 A translation in which the graph of a function is mirrored about an axis.
 Reflections are just a special case of the scaling.
 To reflect about the axis, multiply every by to get .
 To reflect about the -axis, multiply by to get