Chemical Formulas

2 and Composition
Stoichiometry

1
Chapter Goals
1. Chemical Formulas
2. Ions and Ionic Compounds
3. Names and Formulas of Some Ionic
Compounds
4. Atomic Weights
5. The Mole

2
Chapter Goals
7. Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and
Moles
8. Percent Composition and Formulas of
Compounds
9. Derivation of Formulas from Elemental
Composition
10. Determination of Molecular Formulas
11. Some Other Interpretations of Chemical
Formulas
12. Purity of Samples
3
Chemical Formulas

• Chemical formula shows the chemical

composition of the substance.
– ratio of the elements present in the molecule or
compound
• He, Au, Na – monatomic elements
• O2, H2, Cl2 – diatomic elements
• O3, S4, P8 - more complex elements
• H2O, C12H22O11 – compounds
• Substance consists of two or more elements

4
Chemical Formulas
Compound 1 Molecule Contains
HCl 1 H atom & 1 Cl atom
H2O 2 H atoms & 1 O atom
NH3 1 N atom & 3 H atoms
C3H8 3 C atoms & 8 H atoms

5
Ions and Ionic Compounds
• Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that possess an
electric charge.
• Two basic types of ions:
• Positive ions or cations
– one or more electrons less than neutral
– Na+, Ca2+, Al3+
– NH4+ - polyatomic cation
• Negative ions or anions
– one or more electrons more than neutral
– F-, O2-, N3-
– SO42-, PO43- - polyatomic anions

6
Ions and Ionic Compounds
• Sodium chloride
– table salt is an ionic compound

7
Names and Formulas of
Some Ionic Compounds
• Table 2-3 displays the formulas, charges,
and names of some common ions.
– You must know the names, formulas, and
charges of the common ions in table 2-3.
• Some examples are:
– Anions - Cl1-, OH1-, SO42-, PO43-
– Cations - Na1+, NH41+, Ca2+, Al3+

8
Names and Formulas of
Some Ionic Compounds
• Formulas of ionic compounds are determined by
the charges of the ions.
– Charge on the cations must equal the charge on the
anions.
– The compound must be neutral.
• NaCl sodium chloride (Na1+ & Cl1-)
• KOH potassium hydroxide(K1+ & OH1-)
• CaSO4 calcium sulfate (Ca2+ & SO42-)
• Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide (Al3+ & 3 OH1-)

9
Names and Formulas of
Some Ionic Compounds
• Table 2-2 gives names of several
molecular compounds.
– You must know all of the molecular
compounds from Table 2-2.
• Some examples are:
– H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
– FeBr2 - iron(II) bromide
– C2H5OH - ethanol

10
Names and Formulas of
Some Ionic Compounds
You do it!
• What is the formula of nitric acid?
• HNO3
• What is the formula of sulfur trioxide?
• SO3
• What is the name of FeBr3?
• iron(III) bromide
11
Names and Formulas of
Some Ionic Compounds
You do it!
• What is the name of K2SO3?
• potassium sulfite
• What is charge on sulfite ion?
• SO32- is sulfite ion
• What is the formula of ammonium sulfide?
• (NH4)2S

12
Names and Formulas of
Some Ionic Compounds
You do it!
• What is charge on ammonium ion?
• NH41+
• What is the formula of aluminum sulfate?
• Al2(SO4)3
• What is charge on both ions?
• Al3+ and SO42-

13
Atomic Weights

• Weighted average of the

masses of the constituent
isotopes if an element.
– Tells us the atomic masses of
every known element.
– Lower number on periodic chart.
• How do we know what the
values of these numbers are?

14
The Mole

• A number of atoms, ions, or molecules

that is large enough to see and handle.
• A mole = number of things
– Just like a dozen = 12 things
– One mole = 6.022 x 1023 things
• Avogadro’s number = 6.022 x 1023
– Symbol for Avogadro’s number is NA.

15
The Mole
• How do we know when we have a mole?
– count it out
– weigh it out
• Molar mass - mass in grams numerically equal
to the atomic weight of the element in grams.
• H has an atomic weight of 1.00794 g
– 1.00794 g of H atoms = 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
• Mg has an atomic weight of 24.3050 g
– 24.3050 g of Mg atoms = 6.022 x 1023 Mg atoms

16
The Mole
• Example 2-1: Calculate the mass of a
single Mg atom in grams to 3 significant
figures.
? g Mg 

17
The Mole
• Example 2-1: Calculate the mass of a
single Mg atom in grams to 3 significant
figures.

? g Mg  1 Mg atom

18
The Mole
• Example 2-1: Calculate the mass of a
single Mg atom in grams to 3 significant
figures.
 1 mol Mg atoms 
? g Mg  1 Mg atom  23
 
 6.022  10 Mg atoms 

19
The Mole
• Example 2-1: Calculate the mass of a
single Mg atom, in grams, to 3 significant
figures.
 1 mol Mg atoms 
? g Mg  1 Mg atom  23
 
 6.022  10 Mg atoms 
 24.30gMg 
   4.04  10  23 g Mg
 1 mol Mg atoms 

20
The Mole
• Example 2-2: Calculate the number of
atoms in one-millionth of a gram of Mg to 3
significant figures.
? Mg atoms 

21
The Mole
• Example 2-2: Calculate the number of
atoms in one-millionth of a gram of Mg to 3
significant figures.

6  1 mol Mg 
? Mg atoms  1.00  10 g Mg  
 24.30 g Mg 

22
The Mole
• Example 2-2: Calculate the number of
atoms in one-millionth of a gram of Mg to 3
significant figures.
6  1 mol Mg 
? Mg atoms  1.00  10 g Mg  
 24.30 g Mg 
 6.022  1023 Mg atoms 
 
 1 mol Mg atoms 

23
The Mole
• Example 2-2: Calculate the number of
atoms in one-millionth of a gram of Mg to 3
significant figures.
6  1 mol Mg 
? Mg atoms  1.00  10 g Mg  
 24.30 g Mg 
 6.022  1023 Mg atoms 
   2.48  1016 Mg atoms
 1 mol Mg atoms 

24
The Mole
• Example 2-3. How many atoms are
contained in 1.67 moles of Mg?
? Mg atoms 

25
The Mole
• Example 2-3. How many atoms are
contained in 1.67 moles of Mg?
? Mg atoms  1.67 mol Mg

26
The Mole
• Example 2-3. How many atoms are
contained in 1.67 moles of Mg?
 6.022  10 23 Mg atoms 
? Mg atoms  1.67 mol Mg  
 1 mol Mg 

27
The Mole
• Example 2-3. How many atoms are
contained in 1.67 moles of Mg?
 6.022  10 23 Mg atoms 
? Mg atoms  1.67 mol Mg  
 1 mol Mg 
 1.00  10 24 Mg atoms

28
The Mole
• Example 2-3. How many atoms are
contained in 1.67 moles of Mg?
 6.022  1023 Mg atoms 
? Mg atoms  1.67 mol Mg 
 1 mol Mg 
 1.00  1024 Mg atoms

29
The Mole
• Example 2-4: How many moles of Mg atoms are
present in 73.4 g of Mg?
You do it!

30
The Mole
• Example 2-4: How many moles of Mg atoms are
present in 73.4 g of Mg?

? mol Mg  73.4 g Mg

31
The Mole
• Example 2-4: How many moles of Mg atoms are
present in 73.4 g of Mg?

 1 mol Mg atoms 
? mol Mg  73.4 g Mg  
 24.30 g Mg 

32
The Mole
• Example 2-4: How many moles of Mg atoms are
present in 73.4 g of Mg?

 1 mol Mg atoms 
? mol Mg  73.4 g Mg  
 24.30 g Mg 
 3.02 mol Mg
IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT YOU KNOW
HOW TO DO THESE PROBLEMS
33
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• How do we calculate the molar mass of a
compound?
– add atomic weights of each atom
• The molar mass of propane, C3H8, is:

3  C  3  12.01 amu  36.03 amu

8  H  8  1.01 amu  8.08 amu
Molar mass  44.11 amu
34
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• The molar mass of calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2 , is:
You do it!

35
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
1 Ca  1 40.08 amu  40.08 amu
2  N  2  14.01 amu  28.02 amu
6  O  6  16.00 amu  96.00 amu
Molar mass  164.10 amu

36
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• One Mole of Contains
– Cl2 or 70.90g 6.022 x 1023 Cl2 molecules
2(6.022 x 1023 ) Cl atoms
– C3H8 You do it!

37
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• One Mole of Contains
– Cl2 or 70.90g 6.022 x 1023 Cl2 molecules
2(6.022 x 1023 ) Cl atoms
– C3H8 or 44.11 g 6.022 x 1023 C3H8 molecules
3 (6.022 x 1023 ) C atoms
8 (6.022 x 1023 ) H atoms

38
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-5: Calculate the number of
C3H8 molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C 3 H 8 molecules  74.6 g C 3 H 8 

39
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-5: Calculate the number of
C3H8 molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C 3 H 8 molecules  74.6 g C 3 H 8 
 1 mole C 3 H 8 
 
 44.11 g C 3 H 8 

40
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-5: Calculate the number of
C3H8 molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3 H 8 molecules  74.6 g C3 H 8 
 1 mole C3 H 8  6.022 10 23 C3 H 8 molecules 
   
 44.11 g C3 H 8  1 mole C3 H 8 

41
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-5: Calculate the number of
C3H8 molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C 3 H 8 molecules  74.6 g C 3 H 8 
 1 mole C 3 H 8  6.022  10 23 C 3 H 8 molecules 
   
 44.11 g C 3 H 8  1 mole C 3 H 8 
24
1.02  10 molecules

42
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-6. What is the mass of 10.0
billion propane molecules?
You do it!

43
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-6. What is the mass of 10.0
billion propane molecules?
10  1 mole C3 H 8 
? g C3 H 8 molecules  1.00  10 molecules 23 
 6.022 10 molecules 
 44.11 g C3 H 8 
   7.32 10 13 g of C3 H 8
 1 mole C3 H 8 

44
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-7. How many (a) moles, (b)
molecules, and (c) oxygen atoms are contained
in 60.0 g of ozone, O3? The layer of ozone in
the stratosphere is very beneficial to life on
earth.
You do it!

45
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-7. How many (a) moles, (b) molecules, and
(c) oxygen atoms are contained in 60.0 g of ozone, O3?
The layer of ozone in the stratosphere is very beneficial
to life on earth.
(a)
 1 mole 
? moles O 3  60.0 g O 3    1.25 moles
 48.0 g O 3 

46
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-7. How many (a) moles, (b) molecules, and
(c) oxygen atoms are contained in 60.0 g of ozone, O3?
The layer of ozone in the stratosphere is very beneficial
to life on earth.
(b)
 6.022 10 molecules 
23
? molecules O 3  1.25 moles 
 1 mole 
23
 7.53  10 molecules O3

47
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-7. How many (a) moles, (b) molecules, and
(c) oxygen atoms are contained in 60.0 g of ozone, O3?
The layer of ozone in the stratosphere is very beneficial
to life on earth.
(c)
 3 O atoms 
? O atoms  7.53 10 molecules O 3 
23

 1 O 3 molecule 
 2.26 10 24 atoms O

48
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-8. Calculate the number of O
atoms in 26.5 g of Li2CO3.
You do it!

49
 Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-8. Calculate the number of O
atoms in 26.5 g of Li2CO3.

1 mol Li 2 CO3
? O atoms  26.5 g Li 2 CO3  
73.8 g Li 2 CO3
6.022  10 23 form. units Li 2 CO3 3 O atoms
 
1 mol Li 2 CO3 1 formula unit Li 2 CO3
6.49  10 23 O atoms
50
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Occasionally, we will use millimoles.
– Symbol - mmol
– 1000 mmol = 1 mol
• For example: oxalic acid (COOH)2
– 1 mol = 90.04 g
– 1 mmol = 0.09004 g or 90.04 mg

51
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-9: Calculate the number of
mmol in 0.234 g of oxalic acid, (COOH)2.
You do it!

52
Formula Weights, Molecular
Weights, and Moles
• Example 2-9: Calculate the number of
mmol in 0.234 g of oxalic acid, (COOH)2.

? mmol (COOH)2  0.234 g (COOH)2 

 1 mmol (COOH)2 
   2.60 mmol (COOH)2
 0.09004 g (COOH)2 
53
Percent Composition and
Formulas of Compounds
• % composition = mass of an individual
element in a compound divided by the
total mass of the compound x 100%
• Determine the percent composition of C
in C3H8.
mass C
%C  100%
mass C 3 H 8
3  12.01 g
  100%
44.11 g
 81.68% 54
Percent Composition and
Formulas of Compounds
• What is the percent composition of H in C3H8?
You do it!

55
Percent Composition and
Formulas of Compounds
• What is the percent composition of H in C3H8?

mass H
%H  100%
mass C 3 H 8
8 H
  100%
C3H 8
8  1.01 g
  100%  18.32%
44.11 g
or
18.32%  100%  81.68% 56
Percent Composition and
Formulas of Compounds
• Example 2-10: Calculate the percent
composition of Fe2(SO4)3 to 3 significant
figures.
You do it!

57
Percent Composition and
Formulas of Compounds
• Example 2-10: Calculate the percent
composition of Fe2(SO4)3 to 3 sig. fig.
2  Fe 2  55.8 g
% Fe   100%   100%  27.9% Fe
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
3 S 3  32.1 g
% S   100%   100%  24.1% S
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
12  O 12  16.0 g
% O   100%   100%  48.0% O
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
Total  100%
58
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
• Empirical Formula - smallest whole-number ratio of atoms
present in a compound
– CH2 is the empirical formula for alkenes
– No alkene exists that has 1 C and 2 H’s
• Molecular Formula - actual numbers of atoms of each
element present in a molecule of the compound
– Ethene – C2H4
– Pentene – C5H10
• We determine the empirical and molecular formulas of a
compound from the percent composition of the compound.
– percent composition is determined experimentally

59
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
• Example 2-11: A compound contains 24.74% K,
34.76% Mn, and 40.50% O by mass. What is its
empirical formula?
• Make the simplifying assumption that we have
100.0 g of compound.
• In 100.0 g of compound there are:
– 24.74 g of K
– 34.76 g of Mn
– 40.50 g of O

60
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
1 mol K
? mol K  24.74 g K   0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K

61
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
1 mol K
? mol K  24.74 g K   0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn  34.76 g Mn   0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn

62
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
1 mol K
? mol K  24.74 g K   0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn  34.76 g Mn   0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O  40.50 g O   2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio

63
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
1 mol K
? mol K  24.74 g K   0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn  34.76 g Mn   0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O  40.50 g O   2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio
0.6327 0.6327
for K  1K for Mn   1 Mn
0.6327 0.6327

64
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
1 mol K
? mol K  24.74 g K   0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn  34.76 g Mn   0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O  40.50 g O   2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio
0.6327 0.6327
for K  1K for Mn   1 Mn
0.6327 0.6327
2.531
for O  4O
0.6327
thus the chemical formula is KMnO 4
65
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
• Example 2-12: A sample of a compound
contains 6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O.
What is the empirical formula for this
compound?
You do it!

66
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
• Example 2-12: A sample of a compound
contains 6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O.
What is the empirical formula for this
compound?
1 mol Co
? mol Co  6.541 g Co   0.1110 mol Co
58.93 gCo
1mol O
? mol O  2.368 g O   0.1480 mol O
16.00 g O
find smallest whole number ratio
67
Derivation of Formulas from
Elemental Composition
• Example 2-12: A sample of a compound
contains 6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O.
What is the empirical formula for this
compound?
0.1110 0.1480
for Co   1 Co for O   1.333O
0.1110 0.1110
multipy both by 3 to turn fraction to whole number
1 Co  3  3 Co 1.333 O  3  4 O
Thus the compound' s formula is :
Co3O 4
68
Determination of Molecular
Formulas
• Example 2-13: A compound is found to
contain 85.63% C and 14.37% H by mass. In
another experiment its molar mass is found to
be 56.1 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
– short cut method

1 mol contains 56.1 g

85.63% is C and 14.37% is H
56.1 g  0.8563  48.0 g of C
56.1 g  0.1437  8.10 g of H 69
Determination of Molecular
Formulas
convert masses to moles
1 mol C
48.0 g of C   4 mol C
12.0 g C
1 mol H
8.10 g of H   8 mol H
1.01 g H
Thus the formula is :
C4 H8 70
Some Other Interpretations of
Chemical Formulas
• Example 2-16: What mass of ammonium
phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain
15.0 g of N?

molar mass of (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4  149.0 g/mol

1 mol N
? mol N  15.0 g of N   1.07 mol N
14.0 g N

71
Some Other Interpretations of
Chemical Formulas
• Example 2-16: What mass of ammonium
phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain
15.0 g of N?
molar mass of (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4  149.0 g/mol
1 mol N
? mol N  15.0 g of N   1.07 mol N
14.0 g N
1 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
1.07 mol N   0.357 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
3 mol N
72
Some Other Interpretations of
Chemical Formulas
• Example 2-16: What mass of ammonium
phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain
15.0 g of N?
molar mass of (NH 4 )3 PO 4  149.0 g/mol
1 mol N
? mol N  15.0 g of N   1.07 mol N
14.0 g N
1 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
1.07 mol N   0.357 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
3 mol N
149.0 g (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
0.357 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4   53.2 g (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4
73
Purity of Samples
• The percent purity of a sample of a
substance is always represented as

mass of pure substance

% purity =  100%
mass of sample
mass of sample includes impurities

74
Purity of Samples
• Example 2-18: A bottle of sodium phosphate,
Na3PO4, is 98.3% pure Na3PO4. What are the
masses of Na3PO4 and impurities in 250.0 g
of this sample of Na3PO4?
98.3 g Na 3 PO 4
unit factor
100.0 g sample

75
Purity of Samples
• Example 2-18: A bottle of sodium phosphate,
Na3PO4, is 98.3% pure Na3PO4. What are the
masses of Na3PO4 and impurities in 250.0 g
of this sample of Na3PO4?

98.3 g Na 3 PO 4
unit factor
100.0 g sample
98.3 g Na 3 PO 4
? g Na 3 PO 4  250.0 g sample 
100.0 g sample
= 246 g Na 3 PO 4 76
Purity of Samples
• Example 2-18: A bottle of sodium phosphate,
Na3PO4, is 98.3% pure Na3PO4. What are the
masses of Na3PO4 and impurities in 250.0 g
of this sample of Na3PO4?
98.3 g Na PO
unit factor 3 4

100.0 g sample
98.3 g Na PO
? g Na PO  250.0 g sample  3 4

100.0 g sample
3 4

= 246 g Na PO 3 4

? g impurities = 250.0 g sample - 246 g Na PO 3 4

77
= 4 g impurities
Synthesis Problem
• In 1986, Bednorz and Muller succeeded in
making the first of a series of chemical
compounds that were superconducting at
relatively high temperatures. This first
compound was La2CuO4 which superconducts at
35K. In their initial experiments, Bednorz and
Muller made only a few mg of this material. How
many La atoms are present in 3.56 mg of
La2CuO4?

78
Synthesis Problem
molar mass of La 2 CuO 4 = 405.3 g/mol
 1g 
3.56 mg La 2 CuO 4   
 1000 mg 
 1 mol La 2 CuO 4 
   8.78  10 6 mol La 2 CuO 4
 405.3 g La 2 CuO 4 

79
Synthesis Problem
molar mass of La 2 CuO 4 = 405.3 g/mol
 1g 
3.56 mg La 2 CuO 4   
 1000 mg 
 1 mol La 2 CuO 4 
   8.78  10  6 mol La 2 CuO 4
 405.3 g La 2 CuO 4 
6  6.022  10 23 molecules La 2 CuO 4 
(8.78  10 mol La 2 CuO 4 )  
 1 mol La 2 CuO 4 
 2 La atoms 
   1.06  1019 La atoms
 molecule La 2 CuO 4 

80
Group Activity

• Within a year after Bednorz and Muller’s

initial discovery of high temperature
superconductors, Wu and Chu had
discovered a new compound, YBa2Cu3O7,
that began to superconduct at 100 K. If we
wished to make 1.00 pound of YBa2Cu3O7,
how many grams of yttrium must we buy?

81
 Chemical Formulas
2 and Composition
Stoichiometry

82