Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

1.1 REAL NUMBERS, INEQUALITIES, AND LINES

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Warm-up

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Introduction
 Quite simply, calculus is the study of rates of change.
We will use calculus to analyze rates of inflation, rates of
learning, rates of population growth, and rates of natural
resource consumption.

 In this first section we will study linear relationships

between two variable quantities—that is, relationships
that can be represented by lines.

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Real Numbers and Inequalities

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Real Numbers and Inequalities
The word “number” means real number, a number that
can be represented by a point on the number line (also
called the real line).

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Real Numbers and Inequalities
 The order of the real numbers is expressed by
inequalities. For example, a < b means “a is to the left
of b” or, equivalently, “b is to the right of a.”

 The inequalities a < b and a > b are called strict

inequalities, and a ≤ b and a ≥ b are called nonstrict
inequalities.
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Real Numbers and Inequalities
A double inequality, such as a < x < b, means that both
the inequalities a < x and x < b hold.

The inequality a < x < b can be interpreted graphically as

“x is between a and b.”

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Sets and Intervals

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Sets and Intervals
Braces { } are read “the set of all” and a vertical bar | is
read “such that.”

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Sets and Intervals
 The set { x | 2 ≤ x ≤ 5 } can be expressed in interval
notation by enclosing the endpoints 2 and 5 in square
brackets, [2, 5], to indicate that the endpoints are
included.

 The set { x | 2 ≤ x ≤ 5 } can be written with parentheses,

(2, 5), to indicate that the endpoints 2 and 5 are
excluded.

 An interval is closed if it includes both endpoints, and

open if it includes neither endpoint.

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Sets and Intervals
The four types of intervals are shown below:
a solid dot on the graph indicates that the point is
included in the interval; a hollow dot indicates that the
point is excluded.

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Sets and Intervals
 An interval may extend infinitely far to the right (indicated
by the symbol for infinity) or infinitely far to the left
(indicated by for negative infinity).

 Note that and are not numbers, but are merely

symbols to indicate that the interval extends endlessly in
that direction.

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Sets and Intervals
The infinite intervals shown below are said to be closed or
open depending on whether they include or exclude their
single endpoint.

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Sets and Intervals
We use parentheses rather than square brackets with
and since they are not actual numbers.

The interval ( , ) extends infinitely far in both

directions (meaning the entire real line) and is also denoted
by (the set of all real numbers).

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Cartesian Plane

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Cartesian Plane
 Two real lines or axes, one horizontal and one vertical,
intersecting at their zero points, define the Cartesian
plane.

 The point where they meet is called the origin. The axes
divide the plane into four quadrants, I through IV, as
shown below.

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Cartesian Plane
Any point in the Cartesian plane can be specified uniquely
by an ordered pair of numbers (x, y); x, called the
abscissa or x-coordinate, is the number on the horizontal
axis corresponding to the point; y, called the ordinate or
y-coordinate, is the number on the vertical axis
corresponding to the point.

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Lines and Slopes

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Lines and Slopes
The symbol ∆ (read “delta,” the Greek letter D) means “the
change in.”

For any two points (x1, y1) and (x2 , y2) we define

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Lines and Slopes
Any two distinct points determine a line. A nonvertical line
has a slope that measures the steepness of the line, and is
defined as the change in y divided by the change in x for
any two points on the line.

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Lines and Slopes
The changes ∆y and ∆x are often called, respectively, the
“rise” and the “run,” with the understanding that a negative
“rise” means a “fall.” Slope is then “rise over run.”

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Example 2 – FINDING SLOPES AND GRAPHING LINES

Find the slope of the line through each pair of points, and
graph the line.
a. (2, 1), (3, 4) b. (2, 4), (3, 1)
c. (–1, 3), (2, 3) d. (2, –1), (2, 3)

Solution:

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Example 2 – Solution cont’d

a.

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Example 2 – Solution cont’d

b.

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Example 2 – Solution cont’d

c.

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Example 2 – Solution cont’d

d.

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Lines and Slopes
When the x-coordinates are the same [as in Example 2(d)],
the line is vertical, and when the y-coordinates are the
same [as in Example 2(c)], the line is horizontal.

If ∆x = 1, as in Examples 2(a) and 2(b), then the slope is

just the “rise,” giving an alternative definition for slope:

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Practice
 Complete the following practice questions:
– Pg. 5 a, b
– Pg. 16 #1-4, 5, 10-14, 55, 56

 Homework: Due Monday, September 9

– Pg. 16 #8, 9, 14, 24, 25, 29, 32, 39, 42, 44,
46, 58, 61, 64

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Equations of Lines

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Warm-up

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Equations of Lines

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Equations of Lines
For lines through the origin, the equation takes the
particularly simple form, y = mx (since b = 0), as illustrated
below.

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Equations of Lines
The most useful equation for a line is the point-slope form.

It is most useful when you know the slope of the line and a
point on it.

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Example 3 – USING THE POINT-SLOPE FORM
Find an equation of the line through (6, –2) with slope

Solution:

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Example 3 – USING THE POINT-SLOPE FORM
Find an equation of the line through (4, 1) and (7, -2)

Solution:

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Equations of Lines
Vertical and horizontal lines have particularly simple
equations: a variable equaling a constant.

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Equations of Lines
In a vertical line, the x-coordinate does not change, so
∆x = 0, making the slope m = ∆y/∆x undefined.
Therefore, distinguish carefully between slopes of vertical
and horizontal lines:

 Vertical line: slope is undefined.

 Horizontal line: slope is defined, and is zero.

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Equations of Lines
There is one form that covers all lines, vertical and
nonvertical.

Any equation that can be written in this form is called a

linear equation, and the variables are said to depend
linearly on each other.

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Example 7 – FINDING THE SLOPE AND THE y-INTERCEPT FROM A LINEAR EQUATION

Find the slope and y-intercept of the line 2x + 3y = 12.

Solution:
We write the line in slope-intercept form.
Solving for y:

Therefore, the slope is and the y-intercept is (0, 4).

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Practice
 Complete the following practice questions:
– Pg. 16 #21, 23, 27, 28, 31, 35, 37, 40, 43, 59,
62

 Homework: Due Monday, September 9

– Pg. 16 #8, 9, 14, 24, 25, 29, 32, 39, 42, 44,
46, 58, 61, 64

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