MARRP 221

WEEK 5 (1)
Engine Performances:
Fuel Consumption,
Revolution Per Minute,
Power Output,
Mechanical Efficiency,
Indicated Horse Power,
Brake Horse Power,
Friction Horse Power

TOPIC:10
Solve fuel consumption,
revolution per minute, power
output, mechanical efficiency,
indicated horse power, brake
horse power, friction horse power
to check engine performances

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: 1.10

1. Specific Fuel Oil Consumption
(SFOC):

Specific fuel oil consumption is the

measure of the mass of fuel
consumed per unit time to produce
per KW. The marine engine
efficiency is usually determined
using the SFOC.
In order to achieve accuracy, the fuel
consumption and power developed is
always measured over a suitable time
period on a good weather. The formula
used for calculating SFOC is:

SFOC (g/kwh) =

Mass of fuel consumed per hour ÷

Power developed in KW
The readings of the flow meter to the
main engine should be noted over the
specified time interval say 1 hour. With
the difference in readings, the volume of
fuel consumed is obtained. It can also be
measured by noting down the HFO service
tank reading provided the oil is being
supplied only to the main engine
The mass of the observed volume of fuel
consumed can be determined by following
the above-said bunker calculation
procedure
The horsepower can be measured using
dynamometer if fitted on the shaft of the
engine which will indicate the BHP in the
digital indicator. If not, the horsepower
can also be calculated using engine rpm
and average pump fuel index with the aid
of engine characteristic curve of various
sea trials which is supplied by the
manufacturer. However, the calorific value
of the fuel used for sea trial may differ
and hence compensation factor has to be
determined to obtain the accuracy in
calculation
Mechanical Efficiency
Mechanical Efficiency=output at crankshaft
output at cylinders

꞊Brake horsepower
Indicated horsepower

Brake power – measured through torsion

meters and dynamometers

Indicated power – can only be measured

from diagrams and calculations
The brake power is normally measured
with a high accuracy (98% or so) by
coupling the engine to a dynamometer at
the builder’s works. If it is measured in
the ship by torsion meter it is difficult to
match this accuracy and, if the torsion
meter cannot be installed between the
output flange and the thrust block or the
gearbox input, additional losses have to
be reckoned due to the friction entailed by
these components
Brake horse power
Brake horsepower:

Bhp= 2ϖNT/60
where,
N- rpm of crankshaft
T- Torque

Brake horse power

The indicated power can only be measured
from diagrams where these are feasible
and they are also subject to significant
measurement errors. Fortunately for our
attempts to reckon the mechanical
efficiency, test bed experience shows that
the ‘friction’ torque (that is, in fact, all the
losses reckoned to influence the difference
between indicated and brake torque) is
not very greatly affected by the engine’s
torque output, nor by the speed.

Indicated Horse Power

The actual power generated inside the combustion chamber
of the engine by combustion of fuel is IHP. Hence it forms
the basis of evaluation of combustion efficiency or the heat
release in the cylinder. It is calculated based on the design
of the engine using a theoretical formula:

IHP ꞊ PxLxAxN
4500

Where P- Mean indicated pressure of the cylinder

L- Stroke of the engine
A- Cross Sectional Area of the engine cylinder
N- Speed of the engine in RPM
4500 is a constant for conversion.

Indicated Horse Power

The difference between the Indicated
horse power (I.H.P) and Brake horse
power (B.H.P) is called frictional horse
power (F.H.P). Frictional horse power is
utilized in overcoming frictional
resistance of rotating and sliding parts of
the engine.
Frictional Horse power (F.H.P) =
Indicated horse power (I.H.P) – Brake
Horse Power (B.H.P)

Frictional Horse Power

 Percentage of Slip:

Slip is considered as the difference between

the speed of the engine and actual speed of
the ship. It is always calculated in
percentage. Positive slip is influenced by
various reasons such as fouled bottom or hull
part which offers resistance to the movement
of the ship, environmental factors such as
water current and wind against the ship
direction. The slip may be negative if the ship
speed is influenced by following sea or wind.
Engine slip is calculated daily onboard the
vessel and recorded in the log book.
Percentage of Slip =

Engine distance – Observed distance

Engine distance X100%

The actual distance (nautical mile)

covered by the ship from noon to
noon is measured using ship’s log.
The total revolutions of the propeller
from noon to noon is obtained using
revolution counter. The engine
distance can be calculated using the
pitch of the propeller provided by the
manufacturer. Care must be taken in
the unit conversion of the pitch from
meter to nautical mile (in general 1
NM = 1800m).
The total revolutions of the propeller from
noon to noon is obtained using revolution
counter. The engine distance can be
calculated using the pitch of the propeller
provided by the manufacturer. Care must
be taken in the unit conversion of the
pitch from meter to nautical mile (in
general 1 NM = 1800m).

Engine distance in nautical mile =

(Pitch x revolutions per day)
Basic Equation for Piston Engine Power
Output
P = (n x ( π / 4 ) x D2 x L) x p x N

Equation Explained
P (Watts)
n (Number of Cylinders)
D (Piston Diameter, Meters)
L (Piston Stroke, Meters)
p (Mean Effective Pressure, N/m2)
N (number of firing strokes per second, which
equals the number of revolutions per second in
the case of two-stroke engines and half the
number of revolutions per second in the case of
four stroke engines.)
 Example:

We have an 8-cylinder four-stroke diesel

engine at 2000 RPM, with a bore of
115mm, a stroke of 135mm and a BMEP
of 10 bar. What is the power output of the
engine in mechanical horsepower?
First, we have to convert everything
to a form useable by the equation

2000 RPM / 60 = 33 RPS / 2 = 16 firing

strokes per second – 
115mm Piston Diameter * 0.001 = 0.115
m piston diameter
135mm Piston Stroke * 0.001 = 0.135 m
piston stroke
10 bar BMEP * 100,000 = 1,000,000
N/m2
Substitute, everything to solve the
equation
P = (8 * ( π / 4 ) * 0.1152 * 0.135) *
1,000,000 * 16
P = 179485.4715 Watts *
0.00134102 = 240.693 mechanical
horsepower
Thus, the engine mentioned above would
have an output of about 240.7 hp at the
given inputs.
Conversion Table

1 Bar = 100,000 N/m2

1 Watt = 0.00134102 mechanical
horsepower
1 millimeter = 0.001 meter
Calculating Engine Displacement

D = [ (π x (B/2)2 x S ) x C ] x
0.000001

Where:
D = Displacement (Liters)
B = Piston Bore (mm)
S = Piston Stroke (mm)
C = Number of Cylinders
Calculating Engine Displacement

Our engine has 8 cylinders, a bore of
100mm and a stroke of 78mm. What
is it's displacement?

D = [ (π x (100/2)2 x 78 ) x 8 ] x

0.000001 = 4.90088454 Liters

The propeller on your vessel has
a pitch of 22.8 feet from 0800H
18 April, to 1020 19 April, you
steamed an observed distance of
403.6 miles. If you average RPM
was 74, what was the slip
Propeller slip
Solving for the observed speed. But we have to solve first
for the steaming time.

19 April 1020H - 18 April 0800H


1 day 0220 ( 20 min x 1hr = 20hr = 0.33hr )

 x 24 hr 60 min 60
 24 hr + 2.33 hr = 26.33hrs is steaming time
 
 Observed Speed = Distance
 Time
 = 403.6 miles
 26.33 hrs
 = 15.33 knots

We have to calculate for the speed
of the name engine. This is the
formula for the engine Speed

Engine Speed =RPM x P x 60 / 6080

 = 74 x 22.8 x 60 / 6080
 = 101232 / 6080
 = 16.65knots

We can now solve for the slip of thee
propeller. This formula for the slip
 
Slip = ( Engine Speed – Observed speed ) x
100
 Engine Speed
 = ( 16.65kts – 15.33 kts ) x 100
16.65 kts
 = 1.32 kts x 100
 16.65 kts
 = 8 kts
