Crop Protection I

(Entomology Phase)
Entomology- one of the biological science which deals with
the study of specific group of organism called
insects.
- this organisms belong to Phylum Anthropoda
(Arthro = joint, poda = feet or leg

Reasons of Studying Insects:

1. Carrier of disease and can cause health disturbances to man.
2. Decrease or loses plant yield through destroying our agricultural
crops.
3. To know their behavioral aspects in relation to their
environment.
4. To be able to know what are those harmful and beneficial
insects.
5. To upgrade the agricultural loses due to insect damage.
Characteristics
1. Skeleton consisting mostly of chitin
2. Segmented body where individual segments are often fused together
(tagmatization)
3. Paired segmented appendages (joint appendages)
4. Open circulatory system
5. It contains tremendous variety of forms.
Ex. sow bugs, spiders, spiders, mites centipedes, etc.
6. Segmented animals-segmentally arranged appendages that are also
segmented.
7. Worm-like creature.
8. The body consist of uniform segments.
9 .The head is simple structured, probably bearing sensory bristles.
10. Excretory system is composed of a single organ serving the entire animal.
Classes of Phylum Arthropoda
1. Class Insecta ( Insects)
2. Arachnida ( spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks )
3. Crustacea ( shrimps, lobsters and pillbugs)
4. Xiphosura ( horseshoe crabs )
5. Diplopoda ( millipedes )
6. Chilopoda ( centipedes )
Types of Development of Insects
1. Ametabolous
2. Hemimetabolous
3. Paurometabolous
4. Holometabolous

Class Insecta and its Orders

1. Odonata
2. Orthoptera
3. Blattodea
4. Phasmatodea
5. Mantodea
6. Isoptera
7. Dermaptera
8. Hemiptera
9. Thysanpotera
10. Lepidoptera
11. Coleoptera
12. Hymenoptera
13. Diptera
14. Neuroptera
Ametabolous Type- The insect is primitively wingless and continues
molting throughout its adult. (e.g. silverfish, order Thysanura). It
has gills in order to adopt the aquatic habitat.
Hemimetabolous Type- the immature (naiad) insect appear to be very
much different from the adult. (e.g. dragonfly, order odonata).
Paurometabolous type- the immature (nymph) insect resemble the
adult in many respects and both have the same habit.(e.g.
leafhopper, Order Hemiptera)
Holometabolous Type - the immature (larva) insect look very much
different from the adult and generally adapted to the different
environmental situation. (e.g. butterfly, Order Lepidoptera).Wings
and gonad are underdeveloped.
- A complete type of metamorphosis.
Brief History of Entomology
Entomology starts during the beginning of Modern
Biology and arose first in the European of the old world.
It started during the introduction of microscope in 17th
century led to the micro-anatomical works of Malpighi
and Swammerdam , and discoveries of micro-organism
with which Leewenhock 1st invented the microscope.
1668 - Malpighi and Swammerdam- scientist who first
produced the accurate studies of insect’s anatomy
through skilled demonstration.
1867 - Entomology was first taught in American Colleges
only as part of cources in Biology or Natural History.
Bernardo P. Gabriel - the author of the milestones of
Philippine Entomology .
Martinez and Aetheopsar - introduced the control of
locust in 1849 at Souther China.
L. B. Uichanco - first Filipino obtained a doctoral
degree in entomology in 1922.
L. C. Remondo - Filipino Acarologist who spearhed the
research on mites in the Philippines in
1961.
Thysanura - Earliest insect found during the Middle
Devonian period, Rhyniella praecusor,
belomg to the insect order.
 Insects has 3 Regions/ tagmata
Head - anterior region which bears the eyes, antennae,
brain ,and mouthparts.Heavily hardened capsule-like and
segmented region.

Parts of a head
1. Compound eye
2. Three ocelli
3. Pairs of antennae

Antennae
1. Scape- the first segment.
2. Pedicel- second segment
3. Flagellum (flagella mere ) - third segment
Types of antennae according to shape
1. Filiform or threadlike- ex. grasshopper,
cockroaches
2. Setaceous or tapering-ex. dragonflies
3. Moniliform or bread like- ex. termites
4. serrate or sawlike- ex. female giant click beetle
5. Clavate or clubbed- ex. butterflies
6. Capitate or having a head
7. Lamellate or leaf-like
8. Pectinate comblike- ex. male giant click beetle
Parts of Mouth
1. Labrum (upper lips) - function is to close the front of the
mouth cavity, protect the mandible and guide the food
into the mouth. It is found on lower front margin of
capsule-head.
- The ventral portion of the head forms a
membranous floor posterior to the mouth; which arise
the hypopharynx ( bears the opening of the salivary
duct).
2. Mandible (primary jaws) - chew or grind the food. (found
at side ).
3. Maxillae (secondary jaws) - grasping, cuttingor chewing
of foods.
4. Hypopharynx (tongue) - arises from the floor of the
mouth cavity.
5. Labium - lower lips.
Principal Type of Mouthparts
1. Chewing type- the mandible cut off is grind solid food
and the maxillae and labrum push it into the esophagus.
Ex. mouth part of grasshopper
2. Filtering type- it has an elaborate cephalic fan used in
filtering microorganisms.
Ex. aquatic larvae
3. Cutting sponging type- the mandibles are produced
into sharp blades and the maxillae into long probing
styles.
Ex. mouth part of horsefly
4. Sponging type- it is most similar to cutting sponging
type, but the mandible and maxillae are none functional.
Ex. Housefly
5. Chewing lapping type- the mandibles and labrum are of
the chewing type are used for grasping prey or molding
wax or nest material.
Ex. mouth part of bees and wasps
6. Piercing sucking type- the labrum, mandible and maxillae
are slender and long that form a delicate hollow needle.
Ex. mouth parts of aphids, cicadas, leafhopper and
mosquitoes
7. Siphoning-tube type- it feeds liquid foods. Liquid food are
sucked up by means of a long proboscis.
Ex. moths and butterflies
Thorax - composed of 3 segments, each usually bearing a pair of legs;
in many groups the second and third segments each bear a pair
of wings. Thorax performed the locomotion of insects.( Posses 3
pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings).

Three pairs of legs

1. Front leg - push the body of insect to move forward
2. Middle leg - center in which insect walk
3. Hind leg - posterior part of insect which help the
front and middle leg to stand and walk and
support the front leg
Parts of thorax
a. Prothorax- first pair of leg.
b. Mesothorax- second pair of leg
c. Metathorax- third pair of leg
The first and second pair of legs attached on mesothorax
and metathorax is also known as pterothora
• Parts of insect leg
1. coxa
2. trochanter
3. femur
4. tibia
5. pre-tarsus
6. tarsus

• Two pairs of wings

1. Front wing- cover and protect hind wing: tough and narrow.
2. Hind wing- helps the insects to rest: helps insect to fly or move
both in left and forward.
• Modification of Insect Leg
1. Ambulatory leg- it is modified for walking. Ex. Bettle
2. Cursorial leg- running-ex. Cockroach
3. Forsorial leg- digging- ex. Mole criket
4. Natatorial leg- swimming- ex. Water spider
5. Raptatorial leg- Grasping-ex. preying mantis
6. Saltatorial leg- jumping- ex. Grasshopper
• Abdomen - posterior portion of the body of insects
which consist of as many as all segments and has no
legs.
– consist of reproductive organs.
– Abdomen- where the reproductive and digestive organ
system of insect are located.
– And adult insect has an average of 11 abdominal segments.
• Spiracles - the first segments segment serving as the
breathing organ.
• Aedegus - ( penis) located the eight abdominal
segment while
• Ovipositor - female organ is located between eight
and nine segments.
* Body Wall - Body wall of insects secretes an exoskeleton that serves as a
framework for the internal attachment of muscles.
* Exoskeleton - hard shade covering around the insects body. It gives rigidity to the
insect body and support for the muscles.

Body Orientation of an insect

1. Anterior portion - the portion of the body bearing the head: or that portion of
any part that is toward the head end.
2. Posterior portion - the portion of the body bearing the tail end of the abdomen.
3. Dorsum - the top or upper side of the body or one of its parts.
4. Ventral - the underside or lower side of the body one of its parts.
5. Meson - the longitudinal centerline of the body, projected on either the dorsal
or ventral aspect, or any point in between.
6. Lateral portion - side portion of the body or one of its parts.
7. Base, apex - in appendages or outgrowths of the body, such as antennae or legs.
Base- point or area of attachment.
Apex- tip or furthermost point from the attachment.
Group of Insect Basing on their Types of Food Utilized
a. Saprophagous- feeding on dead organic matter.
Ex. Cockroaches
b. Phytophagous- feeding on living plants
Ex. grasshoppers- leaf feeders
Beetles white grubs- root feeders
Leafhopper and aphids- juice sucker
c. Zoophagous- feeding on living animals
Ex. Parasite
Mosquitoes- blood feeders
Predators
Prey- an animal preying upon the other
animals
Ex. mice is the prey of cat
Beneficial Contribution of Insects
A. Insect Products

1. Honey it is highly nutritive liquid preferred from flower nectar by several

species of bees.
2. Beeswax- yellowish white , solid waxy materials
3. Silk- it is a product of specialized glands of some larvae.
4. Lac- it is crude residues material from which commercial shellac is prepared.
5. Insect galls- several kind of insect galls have been the source of various
pigments use for permanent ink.
B. Uses of Insect and medicine
Maggot therapy - replaced by antibiotic

C. Use of Insect In biological Research

- Insects make ideal organism for fundamental biological research

D. Use of Insect as Pollinator

E. Insect as Human Food

Metamorphosis- developmental process by which a first
instars immature stage is transferred into an adult.
Terminologies
1. Instar - the actual insect after molt.
2. Stadium - the total period between any two molts.
3. Molting - is the shedding of the
4. Larval stag e- is the immature stage of the insects
belonging to complete metamorphosis
5. Nymphal stage - is the immature stage of insect
belonging to incomplete metamorphosis.
6. Imago - in the other term of adult insects.
• Two Type of Metamorphosis
1. Complete Metamorphosis- wings develop internally. e.i. insects
like moths, butterflies and beetles

• Stages
– egg
– larvae
– pupa
– adult
2. Incomplete Metamorphosis- wings develop externally. E.i. insect
like grasshopper, bugs, cockroaches and leafhopper

• Stages
- egg
- nymph
- adult
Types of Insects
• Beneficial insects
• Harmful insect

Kinds of Insect Damage

1. Direct damage - eating the leaves of the plants
resulting to the decrease of yield.
2. Indirect damage - some insects are vectors of
some animals and plant diseases.
3. Physiological pest - insect which do no harm but
by mere presence is disturbing.
ETL - Economic Threshold Level
– the level of insect population wherein control measure reaching to injury level.

Types of Control Measures

A. Insects
1. Preventive Control
2. Suppressive Control

Preventive Control
1. Cultural Control
• Sanitation
• Tillage and Cultivation
• Crop Rotation
• Land Management
• Other Practices
2. Use of Resistant and Tolerance Variety
3. Use of Biological Control
4. Use of Chemical Control
5. Use of Integrated Pest management ( IPM )
Classification of Insecticides
1. Physical Poison
2. Respiratory poison
3. Protoplasmic poison
4. Nerve poison
5. Poison of a more general in nature
Mode of Entry
1. Contact poison
2. Stomach poison
3. Fumigant poison
Terminologies
1. Acute poison - it is a measure of how poisons a
compound after a single exposure
2. Chronic poison - it is a measure of how poisonous a
compound after repeated doses.
3. Active ingredient – it is the insecticidally active
component in the technical product
4. Formulation- technical material has to be combined with
other ingredients to form a product which the farmer
can dilute.
5. Specific spectrum - an insecticide can control a single
insects species.
6. Narrow spectrum - an insecticide can control a limited
number of insect species.
7. Broad spectrum - an insecticide can control a wide
variety of insect species.
Kinds of Formulation
1. Solid
a. Granules (G)
b. Wetable Powder (WP)
c. Dust (D)
2. Liquid Formulation
a. Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
b. Flowable (F)
c. Suspension Concentrate (SC)
3. Formulation for Air Space Application
a. Fogs
b. Mist
c. Aerosols
d. Smokes
Group of Insecticides
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides

Three Major Types

1. DDT
a. DDE
b. DOD
c. TDE
2. Cyclodience Insecticides
a. Aldrin
b. Heptachlor
c. Chloride
d. Asodrin
e. Endosulfan
f. Endrin
3. Benzene Hexachloride (BHC)
Lindane
II - Organophoaphorus Insecticides
1. Methyl parathion
a. Meptax
b. Methion
c. Fosperno
d. Parapest
2. Monocrotophos
a. Azodrin
b. Nuvacron
3. Methonyl
a. Larcerol
4. Chlorpgsilos
a.Lorsban
III - Carbonate Insecticides
1. BPMC
a. Hapcin
b. Baycarb
c. Sheelcarb
2. Carboxyl
a. Sevin X2R
b. Sevin 85S
Botanical Insecticides
1. Nicotinoids (Nicotine) – extracted from tobacco plants
Kinds of Nicotine
a. Nicotine Sulfate
b. Nicotine Alkaloids
2. Rotenoids (Rotenone) – derived from derris plant
(Tubli)
3. Pyrethoids (Pyrethrum) – extracted from
chrysanthemum flowers
- Low mammalian Toxicity
- Quick Knockdown effect to
insects.
V - Synthetic Pyrethroids
1. Cypermethin
a. Cymbush
b. Shempa
c. Ripcora
2. Deltamethrin
a. Decis R
b. Decis 2.5 EC
3. Cyfluthrin
a. Baythroid
4. Permethrin
a. Kafil
Color Coding of Insecticides
1. Red label – extremely toxic
2. Yellow label – moderately toxic
3. Blue Label – slightly toxic
4. Green label – relatively nontoxic
IPM – Integrated Pest Management
- is the use of various control tactics such as cultural biological use of RVs and
Chemical control in harmonious waste.

Categories of Insect Pest

1. Major or Primary Pest
2. Occasional Pest
3. Minor Pest

Major or Primary – Present in the area throughout the season and the population is
always above ETL.
Occasional Pest – present in the area throughout the season but its population is
below ETL but with favorable condition their numbers will occasional above
ETL.
Minor Pest – present in the area throughout the season and their population is
always below ETL