BUS535: RESEARCH PROCESS
–RESEARCH DESIGN OVERVIEW
Muslima Zahan, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Management
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
To understand basic stages of research design
To learn the major descriptors of research design
To learn the major types of research design,and
To understand the relationships that exist between
variales in research design and the steps for
evaluating those relationships.
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH DESIGN
It consitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data
And/ or
It is the plan and structure of investigation conceived
as to obtain answers to research questions. The plan is
the overall scheme for program of the research. It
includes an outline of what the investigator will do
from writing hypotheses and theirr operational
implicaitons to the final analyisis of data.
ESSENTIALS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
An activity.and time-based plan
A plan always based on the research quesiton
A guide for selecting sources and types of
information
A framework for specifying the relationships
among the studying variables, and
A procedural outline for every reseach activity.
DEGREE OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS CRYSTALLIZATION
Exploratory studies
It tends toward loose structures with the objective of
discovering future research tasks. It is to develop
hypotheses or questions for further research.
Formal study
It begins where the exploration leaves off—begins
with a hypothesis or research question and invloves
precise procedures and data source specfifications.
The goal of a formal research design is to test the
hypothesis or answer the research questions posed.
GANTT CHART
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Monitoring
Observation
Communication
Interview, telephone survey, mail, spot customer
survey or complaint box
RESEARCHER CONTROL OF VARIABLES
Experiment
Manipulation in variable selection, purpose
Ex post facto design
Reporting what happend or happening report
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
A reporting study
It provides a summation of data, often recasting data
to achieve a deeper understanding or to generate
statistics for commparison. Ex. Daily crime report
Descriptive
If the research is concerned with finding out how,
what, where, when, or how much, then ....
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 2
Causal
Explanatory: If a study is concerned with learning
why-that is, how one variable produces changes in
another –it is causal-explanatory.
Predictive: this study attempts to predict an effect on
one variable by manipulating another variable while
holding all other variables constant. Video
surveyllance camera and its impact on reducing theft.
THE TIME DIMENSION
Cross-sectional
Are carried out once and represent a snapshot of one
point in time.
Longitudinal studies
Are repeated over an extended period. Track changes
overtime
s
THE TOPICAL SCOPE
Statistical Studies
Are designed for breadth rather than depth. They attempt
to capture a population’s characteristics by making
inferences from a sample’s characteristics. Hypotheses
are tested quantitatively.
Case Studies
Place more emphasis on a full contextual alalysis of
fewer events or conditions and their interrelations. An
emphasis on detail provide valuable insights for problem
solving, evaluation and strategy.
THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
Field condition
Laboratory condition
Simulations (to replicate) are increasingly used
specially in operational research. The major
characteristics of various conditions and
relationships in actual situations are often represented
in mathematical model (mystery shoppers).
PARTICIPANTS’ PERCEPTUAL AWARENESS
Participant perceive no deviations from everyday
routine
Participant perceive deviations but as unrelated to
researcher
Participant perceive deviations as researcher-
induced.
Ex mistery shoppers
>EXPLORATORY STUDIES
Through exploration researchers develop
concepts more clearly, establish priorities,
develop operational definition, and improve the
final research design.
QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES
Exploration relies more heavily on qualititative techniques
Scope of qualitative research (exploratory investigations
Individual depth interviews (conversations)
Participant observation, expert interview
Psychological testing (games, role playing)
Case studies, document analysis, video analysis
Street ethnograpy
Exploratory techniques
Secondary data analysis
Experience surveys
Focus group
Two-stage designs (define research question and develop research
design)
>DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
Descriptions of phenomena or characteristics
Estimates of the proportions of a populations
Discovery of associations among different
variables
CAUSAL STUDIES
Correlation and covariation
Time order of events
No other possible events for a particular event
Symmetrical (fluctuate together)
Reciprocal (mutually influence)
Asymmetrical (opposite)
TYPES OF ASSYMETRICAL CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS EXHIBIT 6-6
Stimulaus-Response
An event or change results in a response from some
objects.
Property-Disposition
Age existing property causes a disposition
Disposition-Behavior
A disposition causes a particular behavior
Property-Behavior
An extisting property causes a specific behavior
THANK YOU
Source: Book, Cooper & Schindler, chapter 6
further source https://slideplayer.com/slide/9373592/
