FACULTY: COMERCE

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
LEVEL 1:1
GROUP 2
GROUP MEMBERS

• Felix Mudonhi R223659H

• Tinotenda Mapani R221575H
• Gold Nzwere R224689H
• Mitchel Nzou R192477H
 TOPICS : FOUNDATION OF
DATABASE CONCEPTS, DATABASE
DESIGN MANAGEMENT APPROACH
KEY WORDS: DATABASE, DBMS, DATABASE DESIGN
1. DATABASE: A COLLECTION OF ORGANIZED AND RELATED
INFORMATION/DATA TO SERVE MULTI-APPLICATIONS.
2. DBMS: A SOFTWARE SYSTEM USED BY ORGANIZATIONS TO
ACCESS, CONTROL AND RETRIEVE DATA/INFORMATION IN THE
DATABASE THROUGH AN INTERFACE.
3. DATABASE DESIGN: THE DESIGN OF A DATABASE STRUCTURE TO
STORE DATA.
 INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE
As defined previously, DATABASE is a collection of organized and related
data to serve multi-applications. Generally data is value entered. A base is
generally anything that holds and store values. When related data is stored in
an organized manner that is effective and efficient, this is what we call
DATABASE. In most cases, this is the central pool that holds organizations,
systems and applications data to work in an efficient manner.
 FUNCTIONS OF
DATABASE

• Store related data/information

• Reduce redundancy
• Reduce costs
• Saves time
• Data access
• Retrieving
• Data privacy
• Recovery
 TYPES OF
DATABASES

 Bibliographic Database – composed of free, unformatted and textual data

usually used in library and information systems.
 Knowledge Database – contains complex formatted data usually used in
artificial intelligence applications.
 Graphic-Oriented Database – contains data which can be executed by a
computer, can easily be used in computer aided designs.
 Decision-making Database – contains data which can used in handling
problems and forecasting.
 Operational Database – contains detailed data needed to support operations
for the whole organization.
• Distributed Database – some organizations distribute copies /parts of their
database on the co-operate network.
• External Database – privately owned online database which are only free to
end-users.
• Hypermedia Database – mostly an online database consisting of inter-related
multimedia for example videos, photos, text or audios.
• Relational Database – contains inter-related data files, each having a key
field for easy connections.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS(DBMS)

A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that allows access

to data contained in a database. The primary goal of DBMS is to provide an
environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing
database information. The DBMS interfaces with the application programs, so
that the data contained in the database can be used by multiple applications and
users. In addition, the DBMS exerts centralized control of the database, prevents
fraudulent or unauthorized users from accessing the data, and ensures the privacy
of the data.
 FUNCTIONS OF
DBMS

• User friendly
• Data storage
• Data Security
• Data integrity
• Recovery
• Retrieving and Adjustments
• Data dictionary/ easy search
• Multi-tasking
• Eliminating redundancy
 COMPONENTS OF
DBMS

1. Users
2. Administrator
3. Database
4. Interface
 INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
DESIGN
Database design is not the design of DBMS software, but the design of the
database structure used to store data. DBMS allows it to handle much more use
of the data resource. Database design is made much simpler when we use
models. A database model is a collection of logical constructs used to present
the data structure. The designer determines what data must be stored and how
the data elements interrelate.
 OBJECTIVES OF
DATABASE DESIGN

• Avoiding redundant data

• Data integrity
• Modification
• Faultless information
• Ease of use
 DATABASE DESIGN
PROCESS

1. Purpose of database
2. Find and organize information required
3. Divide into tables
4. Put information items into columns
5. Specify primary keys
6. Set up table relationships
7. Refine the design
8. Normalize
 DATABASE DESIGN
APPROACHES

1. Top-down Design Method - Starts from general idea of what is needed for
the system then way down to the more specific details of how the system
will interact.
2. Down-top Design Method – Starts from specific details up to the general.