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Trigonometric Functions of Angles

The document defines trigonometric functions of angles using right triangles. It introduces sine, cosine, and tangent ratios and shows how they can be extended to any angle using reference angles. It provides examples of evaluating trig functions at various angles by determining the appropriate quadrant or reference angle. The document also covers trigonometric identities and how to relate different trig functions to each other. Finally, it discusses how to find the area of triangles using trigonometric functions of angles.

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Zamanoden D. Unda
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79 views27 pages

Trigonometric Functions of Angles

The document defines trigonometric functions of angles using right triangles. It introduces sine, cosine, and tangent ratios and shows how they can be extended to any angle using reference angles. It provides examples of evaluating trig functions at various angles by determining the appropriate quadrant or reference angle. The document also covers trigonometric identities and how to relate different trig functions to each other. Finally, it discusses how to find the area of triangles using trigonometric functions of angles.

Uploaded by

Zamanoden D. Unda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trigonometric Functions of

Angles

1
Trigonometric Functions of Angles
Let POQ be a right triangle with acute angle  as shown in
Figure 1(a). Place  in standard position as shown in
Figure 1(b).

(a) (b)

Figure 1

2
Trigonometric Functions of Angles
Then P = P (x, y) is a point on the terminal side of . In
triangle POQ the opposite side has length y and the
adjacent side has length x.

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that the


hypotenuse has length r =
So

The other trigonometric ratios can be found in the same


way. These observations allow us to extend the
trigonometric ratios to any angle.
3
Trigonometric Functions of Angles
We define the trigonometric functions of angles as follows
(see Figure 2).

Figure 2

4
Trigonometric Functions of Angles
The angles for which the
trigonometric functions may
be undefined are the angles
for which either the x- or
y-coordinate of a point on the
terminal side of the angle
is 0.

These are quadrantal angles


—angles that are coterminal
with the coordinate axes.

5
Trigonometric Functions of Angles
It is a crucial fact that the values of the trigonometric
functions do not depend on the choice of the point P(x, y).

This is because if P (x , y ) is any other point on the


terminal side, as in Figure 3, then triangles POQ and
P OQ are similar.

Figure 3
6
Evaluating Trigonometric
Functions at Any Angles

7
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle

From the definition we see that the values of the


trigonometric functions are all positive if the angle  has its
terminal side in Quadrant I.

This is because x and y are positive in this quadrant. [Of


course, r is always positive, since it is simply the distance
from the origin to the point P (x, y).] If the terminal side of 
is in Quadrant II, however, then x is negative and y is
positive.

Thus in Quadrant II the functions sin  and csc  are


positive, and all the other trigonometric functions have
negative values.
8
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle

You can check the other entries in the following table.

9
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle

The following mnemonic device can be used to remember


which trigonometric functions are positive in each quadrant:
All of them, Sine, Tangent, or Cosine.

You can remember this as “All Students Take Calculus.”

10
Example 1 – Finding Trigonometric Functions of Angles

Find (a) cos 135 and (b) tan 390.

11
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle

12
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle

Figure 6 shows that to find a reference angle it’s useful


to know the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle
 lies.

The reference angle for an angle 


Figure 6

13
Example 2 – Finding Reference Angles
Find the reference angle for

(a) and (b)  = 870°.

14
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle

15
Example 4 – Using the Reference Angle to Evaluate Trigonometric Functions

Find

(a) and (b)

16
Trigonometric Identities

17
Trigonometric Identities
The trigonometric functions of angles are related to each
other through several important equations called
trigonometric identities.

We’ve already encountered the reciprocal identities and the


Pythagorean identities.

These identities continue to hold for any angle , provided


that both sides of the equation are defined.

18
Trigonometric Identities
To refresh our memories…

19
Example 5 – Expressing One Trigonometric Function in Terms of Another

(a) Express sin  in terms of cos .


(b) Express tan  in terms of sin , where  is in Quadrant II.

20
Areas of Triangles

21
Areas of Triangles

22
Areas of Triangles
If the angle  is not acute, then from Figure 16(b) we see
that the height of the triangle is

h = b sin(180° –  ) = b sin 

(b)
Figure 16

23
Areas of Triangles
This is so because the reference angle of  is the angle
180 – . Thus in this case also the area of the triangle is

 base  height = sin 

24
Example 8 – Finding the Area of a Triangle

Find the area of triangle ABC shown in Figure 17.

25
Example 9 – Finding the Area of a Triangle

Find the area of triangle ABC.

26
Find the area???
Why can’t we determine the area of this triangle…yet?

27

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