CHAPTER 1

ICT FUNDAMENTALS
ICT STANDS FOR (INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY)
WHAT IS COMPUTER?

 A computer is an advanced machine which takes input from user, processes it, and gives
output.
 Practical example for input, process and output
 Input: User enters the recipient's email address, subject, and message.
 Process: The system validates the email address, sends the email through a mail server,
and handles any attachments.
 Output: The recipient receives the email with the specified subject and message.
 What are special computer and general purpose computer?
 Special Purpose Computer: Special-purpose computers, also known as dedicated computers or
embedded systems, are designed for specific tasks or applications.
 E.g. Automatic Teller Machine (ATM)

General purpose Computer: General-purpose computers are designed to perform a wide range of tasks and
applications.
 E.g. Personal Computer (PC): A personal computer, such as a desktop or laptop, is a common example
of a general-purpose computer.
Emerging Technology

 The term “emerging technology” describe the advancement in information and communication.
 IoT stands for internet of things. The term “IoT” refers to the worldwide network of physical
devices having wireless connection with internet.
 Sensors are embedded.
 When we say that sensors are embedded, it means that they are integrated or built-in within a
device, system, or object.
 E.g. IoT can also extend to appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and ovens. For
example, a smart refrigerator can monitor its contents, suggest recipes based on available
ingredients, and send notifications when groceries are running low. A smart washing machine
can be controlled remotely and provide alerts when the laundry is done.
Emerging Technology Continue

 Embedded System: An embedded system is a computer system and hardware system in

which a microprocessor and software is embedded to perform a dedicated or special task.
 E.g. Security System: Embedded devices such as surveillance cameras, motion sensors,
and door/window sensors form a part of the home security system. These devices detect
unauthorized entry or suspicious activities and can trigger alarms or send notifications to
homeowners.
Emerging Technology Continue

 Edge Computing: Edge computing is a concept where instead of doing all the data processing and storage
in a central location, like a big computer server far away, it happens closer to where the data is created or
used. It brings the computing power and storage closer to the "edge" of the network, which is often where
devices like smartphones, sensors, or smart appliances are located. This helps in reducing the time it takes
to process data and enables quicker response times because the data doesn't have to travel long distances to
a central server and back. It's like having a mini-computer right next to you, making things faster and more
efficient.
 the source of data in edge computing refers to the devices, sensors, or applications that generate data, and
edge computing aims to process and analyze this data locally, near the point of origin, to enable faster and
more efficient data processing and decision-making.
 E.g. Traffic Management: Traffic cameras installed at intersections capture real-time video footage of the
traffic conditions. Instead of sending the entire video stream to a remote data center, an edge computing
device located near the intersection processes the video locally. The edge device can analyze the video feed
in real-time, detect objects such as vehicles or pedestrians, and extract relevant information, such as traffic
congestion or accidents. Based on this analysis, the edge device can trigger immediate actions, such as
adjusting traffic signal timings or sending alerts to traffic management authorities
Emerging Technology (Continued)

 Data Analytics: Data analytics refers to the process of examining, transforming, and
interpreting raw data to uncover meaningful insights, patterns, and trends. It involves
using various techniques, tools, and methodologies to extract knowledge and make
informed decisions based on the data.
 E.g. Public Health Surveillance, Education Etc.
 5G: 5G, short for fifth generation, refers to the latest generation of wireless technology
for cellular networks. It is the successor to 4G LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and offers
significant improvements in terms of speed, capacity, latency, and connectivity.
 E.g. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication: 5G allows AVs to communicate with
each other, sharing information about their position, speed, and intentions. This enables
cooperative driving, where vehicles can coordinate their movements and make decisions
based on real-time data. For example, if an AV detects an obstacle on the road, it can
instantly communicate this information to nearby vehicles, enabling them to adjust their
routes or speeds accordingly.
Emerging Technology (Continued)

 3D Imaging: 3D imaging refers to the process of capturing, displaying, and perceiving

visual information in three dimensions. It creates a sense of depth and spatiality, allowing
viewers to perceive objects or scenes as if they have depth and occupy space. Unlike
traditional two-dimensional (2D) imaging, which represents objects on a flat surface, 3D
imaging adds the perception of depth, giving a more realistic and immersive experience.
 E.g. Surgical Planning and Navigation: 3D imaging plays a crucial role in surgical
planning and navigation. By creating 3D models of a patient's anatomy from imaging
data, surgeons can better understand complex structures and plan their surgical approach.
This includes identifying optimal entry points, determining the size and position of
implants, and visualizing critical structures to avoid during surgery. During the actual
procedure, real-time 3D imaging techniques, such as intraoperative CT or ultrasound, can
provide surgeons with continuous feedback and guidance, improving surgical precision.
Emerging Technology (Continued)

 Holographic Imaging: Holographic imaging involves creating or displaying holograms,

which are three-dimensional representations of objects or scenes. Unlike traditional
images or photographs, holograms capture both the intensity and phase information of
light, allowing the recreation of a realistic three-dimensional representation.
 E.g. Retail and Advertising: Holographic displays can be used in retail environments to
showcase products in a more engaging and interactive way. For example, a clothing store
can use a holographic display to project virtual models wearing different outfits, allowing
customers to see how the clothes would look from different angles. In advertising,
holographic displays can create eye-catching and memorable presentations, attracting
attention and increasing brand visibility.
Emerging Technology (Continued)

 Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence is a field of computer science that focuses

on creating smart machines that can perform tasks that normally require human
intelligence. In simple terms, AI is like teaching computers to think and learn on their
own, just like humans do.
 E.g. When you ask a voice assistant a question or give it a command, it uses AI
algorithms to process and analyze the speech input. It recognizes the words and their
meaning, and then provides a relevant response or performs the requested action. Like
ChatGpt Cortana and Siri etc.
Emerging Technology (Continued)

 Robotics: Robotics is the field of technology that deals with designing, building, and
programming machines called robots. These robots are created to perform tasks
autonomously or with human guidance.
 E.g. In manufacturing, robotic arms are widely used for tasks such as assembly, welding,
painting, and packaging. These robots can handle materials and components with high
precision, speed, and consistency, which leads to increased productivity and quality in the
manufacturing process.
Emerging Technology (Contined)

 Computer Assisted Translation: Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) is a technology

that helps human translators in the process of translating written text from one language
to another. It's like having a helpful tool to make the translation work easier and more
efficient.
 E.g. Translation Memory: The CAT tool stores previously translated segments, such as
phrases, sentences, or paragraphs, in a database. When the translator begins working on a
new manual, the CAT tool analyzes the text and matches it with segments from the
translation memory. If a segment is an exact or similar match, the tool suggests the
previous translation, saving the translator time and effort. This ensures consistency in
terminology and phrases throughout the manual.
Emerging Technology (Continued)

 Virtual Reality(VR): Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that creates a simulated,

immersive experience that feels like being in a different world or environment, even
though it's all happening through a computer or device.
 E.g. A practical example of Virtual Reality (VR) is its application in the field of
architecture and real estate. VR technology allows architects, designers, and potential
clients to virtually explore and experience architectural designs and properties before
they are physically constructed.
Emerging Technology(Continued)

 Distributed Application: is a software program or system that is designed to run on

multiple computers or devices connected over a network. It is called "distributed"
because its components are spread out or distributed across different machines rather
than being confined to a single computer.
 E.g. In a food delivery application, the main software program is designed to run on
multiple devices and computers like Food Panda.
 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) File Sharing: P2P file sharing applications, like BitTorrent, enable
users to share files directly with each other without relying on a central server. Files are
distributed across multiple participants, and users can download different parts of a file
from multiple sources simultaneously, increasing download speeds and reducing strain on
any single source.
Emerging Technology(Continued)

 BlockChain: Blockchain is a system where many people work together to keep a digital
record. Everyone has a copy of the record, and it's made up of blocks connected in a line.
Each block stores important information securely.
 E.g. : The most well-known example is Bitcoin, which uses block chain to enable secure,
decentralized digital transactions without the need for intermediaries like banks.
Emerging Technology(Continued)

 Machine Learning: Machine learning is a type of computer technology that enables

computers to learn and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly
programmed. It involves training a computer system with examples and data so that it
can recognize patterns, make accurate predictions, or perform tasks on its own.
 E.g. A practical example of machine learning is image recognition. Machine learning
algorithms can be trained to recognize and classify images automatically.
Computer Network

 Network: a network refers to a collection of devices, such as computers, smartphones,

and servers, that are connected to each other to share information and resources.
 E.g. An example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of people all over
the world. To the right is an example image of a home network with multiple computers
and other network devices all connected.
 Computer Network: A computer network is defined as a system that connects two or
more computing devices for transmitting and sharing information.
 E.g. A practical example of a computer network is a local area network (LAN) within an
office or a school.
Computer Network

 Data Communication: A process in which information is exchanged through ICT devices

in a computer network.
 E.g. Email.
 Protocols: Sets of rules that must be followed by both sender and receiver in order to
communicate.
 E.g. HTTPS, FTP,DNS etc.
Computer Network

 Component Of Data Communication

 Sender: A person or entity that wants to share information.
 Receiver: A person or entity that gets that information
 Medium: A path through which information is shared.
 Message: A piece of information that the sender wishes to share with the receiver.
Computer Network

 Client: A person who uses the facilities provided by the server.

 Server: A powerful computer that provided facilities to the client.
 E.g. The bank customer is a client that accesses the online banking service with a web
browser. The server located at the bank verifies the login username and password and
provides the required service service such as funds transfer or to check the available
balance.
Types Of Computer Network

 Local Area Network: , is a network of computers and devices that are located close to each other,
like in the same building or office. It's like a small neighborhood of devices that can communicate
and share information with each other easily.
 E.g. Imagine you are in an office with your colleagues. All of you have computers connected to a
Local Area Network (LAN).
 Metropolitan Area Network(MAN): is a larger network that connects multiple Local Area Networks
(LANs) together in a city or metropolitan area. It's like a network that connects different
neighborhoods or areas within a city.
 E.g. a large university spread across multiple campuses within a city. Each campus has its own
Local Area Network (LAN) that connects computers, printers, and other devices within that specific
campus. To facilitate communication and resource sharing between these campuses, a Metropolitan
Area Network (MAN) can be implemented.
Types Of Computer Network

 Wide Area Network(WAN): is a network that connects computers and devices over a
large geographical area. It's like a network that connects different cities, countries, or
even continents.
 E.g. A banking system where hundreds of branches in different cities are connected with
each other in order to share their official data.
 Personal Area Network(PAN): It refers to a network that connects devices within an
individual's personal space, typically within a short range
 E.g. the home office setup demonstrates a PAN where devices like the computer,
smartphone, headset, and printer are interconnected within a small area.
Types of Computer Network

 Virtual Private Network(VPN): It is a technology that creates a secure and private connection over
the internet, allowing users to access the internet and other resources while maintaining privacy and
security.
 E.g. VPN is when an individual wants to secure their internet connection and protect their online
privacy while accessing the internet from a public Wi-Fi network, such as in a coffee shop or airport.
 Bandwidth: , bandwidth refers to the capacity or speed at which data can be transmitted over a
network connection.
 OR
 It is often used to describe how much information can be sent or received in amount of time.
 E.g. A highway with multiple lanes designed for vehicles to travel. But the wider the highway, the
more vehicles can travel within a given time.