Module 3: Defining Networks

with the OSI Model

3.1 Understand the OSI Model
2.1 Understand Switches
Agenda
1 Layers of the OSI Model 6 Defining the TCP/IP Model

2 Communications Subnetwork

3 Layer 2 Switching

4 Layer 3 Switching

5 Upper OSI Layers

Layers of the
OSI Model
Standards
• Standards are sets of rules that ensure hardware and software released from
different companies work together
• Examples of organizations that coordinate standards:

International American National International Electrical

Organization for Standards Institute and Electronics Engineers
Standardization (ISO) – (ANSI) – Responsible for (IEEE) – Professional
Federation of standards coordinating and organization for the
organizations from publishing computer and electrical and electronics
multiple nations information technology field
standards in the United
What are protocols?
Protocols:
Clearly defined rules and procedures that allow different manufacturers to
create hardware and software that work together at a specific layer
What is the OSI Model?
• Means of simplifying the complicated functions and processes of networking
• Created by the International Organization for Standardization or ISO
• Features seven layers, each with its own distinct set of protocols and
functions

Layer Defines
Layer 7 – Application Layer Enables users and applications to access network services
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer Translates data into a common format
Layer 5 – Session Layer Establishes a communication session between devices
Layer 4 – Transport Layer Manages message fragmentation and reassembly
Layer 3 – Network Layer Manages data routing and creating sub networks
Layer 2 – Data Link Layer Provides error-free transfer of data frames
Layer 1 – Physical Layer Physical network media and signal methods
OSI Model Layers

Layer Protocol Data Unit Layer Protocol Data Unit

(PDU) (PDU)

Application Data Application Data

Presentation Data Presentation Data
Session Data Session Data
Transport Segment Transport Segment
Network Packet Network Packet
Data Link Frame Data Link Frame
Physical Bits Physical Bits
Communications
Subnetwork
Communications Subnetwork
The communications subnetwork consists of layers 1 through 3
1. Physical
2. Data Link
3. Network
Layer 1 – Physical layer
Defines the physical and electrical medium for data transfer
• Physical layer components: cables, jacks, patch panels, punch blocks, hubs, and MAUs
• Physical layer concepts: topologies, analog versus digital/encoding, bit synchronization, baseband
versus broadband, multiplexing, and serial data transfer
• Unit of measurement: Bits
Ethernet Standards
• LAN standard providing a communication method for high speed data
exchange among devices
• Defined Physical and Data Link Layer
• 100BASE-T
• 100 for 100 Mbps
• BASE for baseband
• T for twisted-pair cabling
Layer 2 – Data link layer
Establishes, maintains, and decides how transfer is accomplished over the
physical layer
• Data Link Layer components: network interface cards and bridges
• Unit of measurement: frames
Ensures error-free transmission over the physical layer
Media Access Control Address
• Network adapters on an Ethernet network have unique Media Access
Control (MAC) addresses
• MAC addresses are unique identifiers assigned to network adapters by the
manufacturer
• MAC address is six octets in length written in hexadecimal

MAC ADDRESS
00:2a:db:38:9c:f1
Layer 2 Switching
What is a switch?
• Switches are central connecting devices
• They use MAC addresses to establish point-to-point connections between
devices
• In contrast, hubs broadcast frames to all connected devices
• Hosts connect to switches by plugging into their ports

A switch port
What is a switch?
• A layer 2 switch is the most
common type of switch used on a
LAN 00:2a:db:38:9c:f1
• Layer 2 switches direct frames on a
LAN based on the MAC address of
each host’s network adapter
• Each port of a switch is mapped to
the MAC address of the device that
is connected
23:5c:f7:da:9c:32
How do layer 2 switches function?
• Layer 2 switches are hardware- 00:2a:db:38:9c:f1 23:5c:f7:da:9c:32
based and use the MAC address of
each host computer’s network
adapter when deciding where to
direct data frames
• Ports on the switch are mapped to
the specific MAC address of the
device attached

AF:C9:A1:12:79:82
Virtual LAN (VLAN)
• Layer 2 switching can also allow for
a virtual LAN (VLAN) to be VLAN2 VLAN1
implemented
• IEEE 802.1Q is the standard that
supports VLANs
• A tag is added to the data frame to
identify the VLAN
VLAN3
How do switches remember MAC addresses?
• Switches map the MAC addresses of
Sample CAM table
connected computers to their ports
in a CAM table Port MAC Address
• CAM stands for Content 1 38-75-2D-72-17-1E
Addressable Memory
2
• The CAM table is stored in the
3 CB-D2-F6-98-45-9D
memory of a switch
• This memory is limited 4 BC-85-1D-22-2E-B4
5
6 65-46-F6-E0-FE-9D
7
8
Layer 3 Switching
Layer 3 – Network Layer
• Controls the operations of routing and switching information to different
networks
• Translates logical addresses or names to physical addresses
• Internet Protocol (IP) is a Network Layer protocol
• Devices that work at the network layer are routers and IP switches
• Network Layer components: IP addresses, subnets
• Unit of measurement: packets
Layer 3 Switches
• Layer 3 switches are different from
Layer 2 switches because they direct
data using IP addresses instead of 192.168.1.1
MAC addresses
• This means they forward packets instead of
frames
• They perform the same functions as
routers
• The benefit of Layer 3 switches
when compared to routers is that 192.168.2.1
they can forward packets faster than
routers
Upper OSI Layers
Layer 4 – Transport Layer
• Ensures messages are delivered error-free, in sequence and with no losses
or duplications
• Protocols that work at this layer:
• segment messages
• ensure correct reassembly at the receiving end
• perform message acknowledgement and message traffic control
• The Transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and connectionless
protocols
• Unit of measurement used: segments or messages
Connection-Oriented Communications
• Require both devices involved in the communication establish an end-to-
end logical connection before data can be sent
• These communications are considered reliable network services
• Packets not received by the destination device can be resent by the sender

Hello! I’m a PC. Hello! I’m a Server!

I’m going to send you Okay, I’ll let you know

something important! when I get it!
Connectionless Communications
• End-to-end connection is not necessary before data is sent
• Every packet that is sent has the destination address in the header
• Sufficient to move independent packets, such as in streaming media
• Datagram delivery is not guaranteed and lost packets cannot be resent

I’m sending
ZZZzzzzZZZZzzzzZZZ
something!
Connection-based Protocols
The Transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and connectionless
protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides a connection-based, reliable, byte-stream service to
programs
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides a connectionless, unreliable transport service
TCP vs. UDP
• TCP transport is used for logging on, file and print sharing, replication of
information between domain controllers, transfer of browse lists, and other
common functions. TCP can only be used for one-to-one communications
• UDP is often used for one-to-many communications, using broadcast or
multicast IP datagrams

Protocol Type Example

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Connection-oriented Web browser
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Connectionless Streaming media
Ports
• Layer 4 protocol that a computer uses for data transmission
• Logical communications endpoint for specific program on computers for delivery of data sent
• There are a total of 65,536 ports, numbering between 0 and 65,535
• Ports are defined by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority or IANA and
divided into categories
Common Port Numbers
Port # Associated Protocol Full Name
21 FTP File Transfer Protocol
22 SSH Secure Shell
23 Telnet Terminal Network
25 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
53 DNS Domain Name System
80 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
88 Kerberos Kerberos
110 POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3
119 NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol
137-139 NetBIOS NetBIOS Name, Datagram, and Session Services, respectively

143 IMAP Internet Access Message Protocol

Layer 5 – Session Layer
• Manages session establishment, maintenance and termination between
network devices
• Example: when you log on and log off
• This layer controls the name and address database for the OS
• NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System) is a protocol that works at this
layer
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer
• Translates the data format from sender to receiver in the various OSes that
may be used
• Presentation Layer concepts include:
• character code conversion
• data compression
• data encryption
• Redirectors work on this layer, such as mapped network drives that enable a
computer to access file shares on a remote computer
Layer 7 – Application Layer
• Serves as a the window for users and application processes to access
network services
• Where message creation begins
• End-user protocols such as FTP, SMTP, Telnet, and RAS work at this layer
• NOTE: This layer is not the application itself, but the protocols that are initiated by this layer
OSI Model Reviewed
Layer Protocols Device
7 – Application FTP, HTTP, POP3, SMTP Gateway
6 – Presentation Compression, Encryption N/A
5 – Session Logon/Logoff N/A
4 – Transport TCP, UDP N/A
3 – Network IP, ICMP, ARP, RIP Routers
2 – Data Link 802.3, 803.5 NICs, Switches, Bridges, WAPs

1 – Physical 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-X Hubs, Patch Panels, RJ45 Jacks

Defining the
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model
• The TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model
• This model is composed of only four layers

Layer Description Protocols

Application Defines TCP/IP application protocols HTTP, Telnet, FTP, SMNP,
Layer DNS
Transport Layer Provides communication session TCP, UDP, RTP
management
Internet Layer Packages and routes data IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP

Network Details how data is physically sent Ethernet, Token Ring,

Interface through the network Frame Relay
OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Model
OSI Model TCP Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer Application Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Internet Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Access Layer
Physical Layer
The OSI Physical layer is skipped altogether on the TCP/IP model
Summary
1 Layers of the OSI Model 6 Defining the TCP/IP Model

2 Communications Subnetwork

3 Layer 2 Switching

4 Layer 3 Switching

5 Upper OSI Layers

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