Getting Started with Java

CS0007: Introduction to Computer Programming

Review
A program is…
a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Programs can also be called…
software.
Hardware refers to…
 the physical components that a computer is made of.
The CPU has two parts:
 Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
A Memory Address is…
a unique identifying number associated with a byte in memory.
Review
Input is…
 any data the computer collects from the outside world.
Output is…
any data the computer sends to the outside world.
A User is…
a person who uses a computer program.
Program Development Cycle
1. Analyze – Define the Problem
2. Design – Plan a Solution for the Problem
3. Write the Code – Implement a solution
An algorithm is…
a precise sequence of steps to solve a problem
The Java Programming Language
Java was created in 1991 by James Gosling (Sun Microsystems)
Why?
They needed a programming language that could be used to write a
wide variety of applications and be processed on very different
devices.
Traditional programming languages cannot do this.
 Why?
 Most general-purpose programming languages at that time were platform
specific.
o A General-Purpose Programming Language is a programming language
designed to be used for writing software in a wide variety of application
domains.
o A programming language is platform-specific, if once compiled, it can only
be guaranteed to be able to run on the machine it was compiled for.
• Java is NOT platform-specific.
From Source Code to a Running Program
Code of any programming language must be saved into a file.
This file contains the source code for the program, and thus is called a source file.
 Source Code – is the human written code for a program.
Java is known as a high-level language.
 A High-Level Programming Language is a language that is easily read and written by humans,
and is needed to be translated before a machine can use it. It provided a high level of abstraction
from the details of the workings of the computer’s hardware
 Most programming by humans is done in high-level languages

The source file for a high-level language needs to be translated into a form that
a machine can understand through a process called compilation.
Compilation is the process of translating high-level language into machine language
for platform-specific languages or some other intermediate code representation for
other languages. A program called a compiler does this.
Machine Language is a sequence of instructions directly executed by a processing
unit (CPU in most cases).
When you compile Java source code it results in Java Byte Code, NOT Machine
(Specific) Language
From Source Code to a Running Program
Running a compiler successfully on source code results in an executable file.
An Executable File is a file that can be directly executed or run by a processing
unit (again, most often the CPU) or run by another program that executes the file.
 When a program executes (runs) the instructions of that program are carried-out.
Executable files containing machine code can run without aid by a processing
unit.
Executable files created by the Java compiler are in Java Byte Code, which are
not specific to any platform, and thus cannot be run directly by a processing unit.
Java executable files must be run by a special program installed on a machine
called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a program that reads instructions from Java Byte Code and
executes them for the platform that the JVM is installed on.
 The JVM is often called an interpreter, because it “interprets” java byte code to be run on
whatever machine it is installed on. For this reason, Java is often called an interpreted
language, as opposed to a “true” compiled language
From Source Code to a Running Program
Steps to create and run Java Program:
1. Write the source code in the Java programming
language.
2. Run the source code through the Java Compiler
(Interpreter)
3. Run the resulting Java Byte Code through the JVM
4. The programs executes!
Errors
A compilation will not be successful if there are syntax
errors in the program.
Syntax Errors are grammatical errors in the Java
programming language.
 Meaning, if you enter code that the java compiler does not
understand, it will not complete compiling.
There are two other kinds of errors that cannot be caught
by the Java compiler:
Run-Time Errors – Errors that cause the execution of a
program to end abnormally (crash).
Logical Errors – Errors in the programmer’s logic that
cause incorrect results.
Portability
So, why was Java created again?
So the programs written in it can be run on different devices easily.
This means that Java programs are very easily portable.
 Portability in programming means that a program can be written on one computer and
run on many different ones.
In traditional compiled languages, you must recompile your program
from the source code for every different machine you want to run it
on.
Tedious
Can run into problems between systems
As long as the machine you want to execute the program has a
compatible version of the JVM, your Java program can be run on it
without recompiling it!
If the JVM is correctly installed, there is (almost…) no problems.
Java Applications and Applets
There are two kinds of programs that can be created with
Java:
Application – stand alone programs that runs on a computer.
Applets – Small applications designed to be transmitted over the
internet and executed in a web browser.
 Most web pages are written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 HTML is not very sophisticated, Java allows for much of the power of a
normal application.
 What’s the main problem with allowing users to create full-fledged
applications that can be sent over the internet and used in a web browser?
 Answer: Security!
 Applications have access to memory and secondary storage.
 Solution: Applets run in a secure part of memory and cannot access
anything outside of that unless the user specifically states so.
Procedural Programming
There are two primary methods of programming in use
today
The first is Procedural Programming – a programming
methodology in which a program was made up of one of
more procedures.
A procedure is a set of programming statements that,
together, perform a specific task.
Typically, in this model, data is passed between procedures.
Here data and the code that acts on it are entirely separate.
 Is there a problem with this?
 What if the form of the data changes? If the data and the code
acting on it are completely separate, can it still function?
Object-Oriented Programming
The response to this is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) – a
programming methodology in which a programs parts are abstracted
into the interaction between Objects.
An object is an abstraction of a real-world (or sometimes not) entity that
consists of data (attributes) and the procedures that act upon the objects data
(methods).
Attributes can be seen as the information kept about the object whether it be
the current state of the object or unchanging characteristics about it, and the
methods can be seen as the behavior of the object that change the state.
In Java the generalization of all the possible individual objects of a kind
is called a class. An individual instance of the class is called an object.
You can think of a class as being a blueprint or recipe and an object as
being a single result from the blueprint or recipe.
Object Example
Example Class: Cup
Attributes:
 Total Volume
 Current Volume
 Color
 Dimensions
Methods:
 Fill
 Pour
Encapsulation and Data Hiding
Two important terms that describe how OOP addresses the data/code
separation that Procedural Programming presents:
Encapsulation refers to the combining of data and code into a single object.
 Advantages:
 When the data in the object changes, the methods that interact with the data can be easily
located and changed.
Data Hiding refers to the object’s ability to hide its data from outside the object.
 Things outside of the object (objects, or other code) can access and manipulate the data inside
of an object through the methods defined by the object.
 This has many advantages:
 When using an object, you do not need to know the details about how it was implemented,
you just need to know the methods needed to do a task.
 Outside sources can only manipulate the data of an object in the ways the object designer
intends.
In Java, almost everything is an object, but you can still program
procedurally.
Your First Java Program
“Hello World”
Every programming language has a “Hello World”
program.
It’s purpose is to do the most basic functionality of a
program: Simply display text.
 No computations
 No information kept
 Just spit out text
Often languages are compared by the “Hello World”
programs in terms of verbosity.
Compiling and Running From Command
Line
You can compile a java source file from either a Windows or
Unix command prompt with the following command:
javac YourProgramName.java
This will create a file called “YourProgramName.class”.
This contains the Java Byte Code for your program.
You can run a java program from either a Windows or Unix
command prompt with the following command:
java YourProgramName
Notes:
Your source file should end in “.java”
When you run your Java program just use the name of your source
file WITHOUT “.java”
// Hello World Program

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello
World");
}
}
Hello World At a Glance
Line 1: // Hello World Program
This line is called a comment
A Comment is a line(s) in a program that is ignored by the compiler
entirely.
Why do we have comments?
 Include documentation inside of the code to allow other programmers (or
ourselves) to understand what the code does, who wrote it, when, etc.
 To temporarily make lines of code not executed instead of removing them
outright
Comments in Java start with //
You can have multiple line comments starting with /* and ending
with */
/* Here is a comment on one line...
...and it continues here */
Hello World At a Glance
Line 2: Blank
Blank lines, spaces, and tabs are known as whitespace in
programming.
Java ignores whitespace. Programmers often include
whitespace in order to make the code more readable.
Hello World At a Glance
Line 3: public class HelloWorld {
This line is known as a class header.
A Class Header starts a class definition and describes certain features
of a class.
A Class Definition includes all the attributes and methods for a class.
In Java almost everything is a class. Here, this class is a container for
our application. A program MUST have at least one class definition.
This line has three words and a character:
public
class
HelloWorld
{
Hello World At a Glance
public is a key word in Java that is known as an access
specifier.
A Key Word (Reserved Word) are words that have special
meaning in a programming language and can only be used for
their intended purpose.
An Access Specifier determines where an element (a class in this
case) can be accessed from.
 Here public means that the class is unrestricted (open to the public).
 We will talk more about access specifiers later.
Note that public is all lowercase. Java is case-sensitive.
 A language is Case-Sensitive if it differentiates between the same elements
with different cases.
 For instance “public” and “Public” are not the same (“Public” is
not a keyword)
Hello World At a Glance
class is another keyword indicating the beginning of
a class definition.
HelloWorld is the name of the class.
This was determined by me, the programmer.
It is known as Programmer-Defined-Name or an identifier.
 A Programmer-Defined-Name (Identifier) is a name created and
used by the programmer. It identifies some place in memory and
parts in the program created by the programmer.
 Identifiers follow naming rules which we will go over later.
I could just as easily named it “Dog” or “Pizza” or
“Banana”
Hello World At a Glance
In short the three words tell the compiler that we are creating a public
class that is named Hello World
Notes on Classes:
You may have multiple classes per source file, but you may only have one
public class per source file.
If there is a public class in a source file, the name of the file must be
the same name as the class (Note the HelloWorld class was in
HelloWorld.java)
The { indicates the beginning of the class definition for the
HelloWorld class.
All of the lines of code associated with the class are between it and the
corresponding } (Line 8)
Everything inside the braces is called the body of the class.
Lines are grouped together as such are called a block.
Hello World At a Glance
Line 5: public static void main(String[] args) {
This is known as a method header, because it marks the beginning of a
method.
 A Method can be thought of as a group of one or more programming statements the
collectively has a name.
This line needs to tell the compiler many things about the method.
 LOTS going on here!
At this point what I want you to focus on is the name of the method
main.
 Every Java application needs a main method, this is where the execution of the
program starts.
 For now, just use this line to start the main method of all of your Java applications
(Sorry…).
Everything between the { and the } on line 7 is the body of the method.
Hello World At a Glance
Line 6: System.out.println("Hello World");
This is the first line that actually does something of purpose.
In short, this displays the words “Hello World” on the screen (without the
quotation marks).
 The group of characters inside of the quotation marks is called a string literal
 We will talk more about literals and strings later.
Note that the line ends with a semicolon. This is part of the syntax of the Java
language that marks the end of a statement. The semicolon is known as a
terminating character in Java, because it terminates the statement.
 The Syntax of a programming language determines the rules that must be followed when writing
the programs. Syntax is the grammatical rules that need to be followed (punctuation in this case).
 A Statement in a programming language is a line of code that ends in a semicolon.
Not every line ends with a semicolon, and at first it may seem not clear at all when
to use one and when not to. Here are some cases for when not to use one (you
should get a feel for it with experience)
 Comments – ignored by the compiler anyway
 Headers – terminated by body
 Braces – simply not statements