Jigjiga University

School of Engineering
Technical Drawing Lecture
Part I
By jafer omer
 INTRODUCTION
Definitions:
Different literatures define drawing in different terms
while basically their core message remains the same.
Drawing is:
A graphic representation of a real thing, an idea, or a
proposed design for later manufacture or
construction.

A graphic that represents an idea, a concept, or an

entity which actually or potentially exists in life.

A way of communicating all necessary information

about an abstraction such as an idea or a concept.
1.1 History of Drawing:
Drawing is one of the oldest forms of
communication, dating back even further than the
verbal communication.

Cave dwellers painted drawings on walls of their

caves thousands of years before paper was invented.
But in later years, Egyptian hieroglyphics were a
more advanced form of communicating through
drawings.

But the theory of projections of objects upon

imaginary plans of projection apparently was not
developed until the early part of 15th century.
 Cont...
Gas pared Monge, French mathematician,
introduced theory of projection at the end of 18th
century

Leonardo da Vinci‘s(1452-1519) sketch shows the

aware of multi view drawings
 1.2 Objective of The Course
Drawing as a means of communications
Engineers are creative people who use technical
means to solve problems

To realize the need for technical drawings, one must

understand the design process, which ranges from
identification of the problem or need up to
development of working drawings.
 Cont…

We can generally conclude purpose of engineering or

technical drawing as:
To clarify problem or need
To document the various ideas and concepts
formed
To document the proposed solution
There are two basic types of drawings: Artistic and
Technical drawings
Artistic Drawings :- Artistic Drawings range in scope
from the simplest line drawing to the most famous
paintings.
Artistic drawings are used to express the feelings,
beliefs, philosophies, and ideas of the artist.
Cont…
 1.3 Definition of Technical Drawing
Technical Drawing Turn Ideas into Products
Every product we have today (cars, houses, beds,
tables, chairs, desks, appliances, tools, packages,
clothing, toys, dishes, radios, CD players, video
games, roads, bridges, airplanes, ships, buses,
computers, telephones, fax machines, copiers, air-
conditioners, heaters, light bulbs, keys, etc.) began
as an "idea" in some person's head. Before these
"ideas" became products, they had to be drawn on
paper.
 Cont…
Technical drawing
It is a means of clearly and concisely communicating
all of the information necessary to transform an idea
or concept into reality.
It is not an abstract or subtle. It does need an
understanding of its creator.
It is a universal communication means for the
professionals.
Nevertheless of its graphical representation it also
contains dimensions, notes and specifications
(material).
 Cont…
Technical drawing is the study of the procedures,
tools, supplies, skills and techniques used to record
and communicate the shape and size of a product.

Therefore Technical Drawing is a formal and

precise way of communicating information about
the shape, size, features and precision of physical
objects
Cont…
 Ways to Create an
Engineering Drawing

A drawing can be created in 3 ways

1. Freehand sketch
2. Using typical drawing instruments
3. Using a computer
Create a Drawing : Freehand sketch
The lines are drawn using only pencil and erasers on a
blank or grid paper.

Example

Pictorial sketch Orthographic sketch

 Create a Drawing : Using instruments
Drawing instruments are used to
draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately.
Drawings are usually made to scale.

Example
 Create a Drawing : Using a computer
Computer aided drafting (CAD) software is used.

Example

2D drawing Solid modeling

 Elements of a Drawing
A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both
graphics and word languages.

Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).

Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
 Drawing Standard

Drawing sheet Scale Lettering Line types Contents

Definition and Necessity
Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how
technical drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

Thailand มอก./TIS สำนักงานมาตรฐานผลิตภัณฑ์อตุ สาหกรรม

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard

Australia AS Australian Standard

Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

 Examples of JIS Standard
Code number Contents

JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of Drawings

JIS Z 8314 Scales
JIS Z 8312 Line Conventions
JIS Z 8313 Lettering
JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning
 Lettering
Text’s style on the drawing Examples
must have the following GOOD
2 properties
Not uniform in style.
Legibility
- Shape Not uniform in height.
- Space between letters
- Space between words Not uniformly vertical.

Uniformity Not uniform in

thickness of stroke.
- Size (or text height)
- line thickness Inappropriate space
between letters
Guide Lines
Guidelines are absolutely essential for good lettering.

Extremely light horizontal guidelines are necessary to

regulate the height of letters.

In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are

needed to keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.
Example of guide lines
Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case Letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
Lower-case Letters
 Space between letters
Space between the letters depends on the adjacent
contour of the letters.
Word composition

DRAWING
Non-uniform
spacing

D R A W IN G
Uniform
spacing

Word having non-uniform spacing is more readable.

 Contour can be denoted as “straight”, “slant” and “curve”.

 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

≡ slant slant

slant
≡ straight
 Word Composition

DRAWING
Contour

Adjacent contour can be

1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.

Spacing
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE OIN

MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
 Drawing instrument
In engineering drawing any object is represented by
straight lines and/or curves.
These lines should be drawn as accurate as possible by the
help of drawing instruments.

All drawings are made by means of various instruments.

Quality of a drawing depends to a large extent on the

quality , adjustment, proper use and care of drawing
instruments.
 Cont…

Can you list different types of

drawing instrument?
 Cont…
List of drawing instruments
Drawing board
Drawing sheets
T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or drafting
machine
Drafting tape
Drafting pencils
Pencil sharpener
Lettering instrument
 Cont…
Eraser
Erasing shield
Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
Architect’s or engineer’s scale
Irregular curves (French curve)
Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider, extensions)
Protractor
Templates
Drawing Sheet : Standard size
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4. A3

Standard sheet size A2

(JIS)
A4 210 x 297 A1
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
 Drawing Sheet : Orientation & Margin
1. Type X (A0~A4)

c
Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
Border d Drawing space
c
A3 10 25
lines
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
c

Title block
2. Type Y (A4 only)

d
Drawing
space Title block
Cont…
Borders and Title Blocks
Borders
Provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information
Approve appearance for presentation purposes
Title Blocks
some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor
Cont…
Triangles (setsquares)
They are used to construct the most common angles (i.e.
30 ○,45○, 60 ○) in technical drawings.

The 450 x 450 and 30 ○ x 60 triangles are the most

commonly used for ordinary work.
Cont…
Cont…
T- square
It is used primarily to draw horizontal lines and for
guiding the triangles when drawing vertical and
inclined lines.
French curve
It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle
arcs.
The shape varies according to the shape of irregular
curve.
Cont…
Fig; T-square
Cont…
example of French curve
Protractor
It is used for laying out and measuring
angle.
Cont…

Pencil
The student and professional man should be equipped with
a selection of good, well-sharpened pencil with leads of
various degrees of hardness such as:
 9H, 8H, 7H, and 6H (hard);
 5H& 4H (medium hard);
 3H and 2H (medium); and
 H& F (medium soft).
The grade of pencil to be used for various purposes
depends on
 The type of line desired,
 The kind of paper employed, and
 The humidity, which affects the surface of the paper.
Cont…
Compass
It is used to draw circles and arcs both in pencil and
ink.
 It consists of two legs pivoted at the top.
One leg is equipped with a steel needle attached with
a screw.
and other shorter leg is, provided with a socket for
detachable inserts.
Cont….
Divider
Used chiefly for transferring distances and occasionally
for
Dividing spaces into equal parts. i.e. for dividing curved
and
Straight lines into any number of equal parts, and for
Transferring measurements.
Cont…
Function of the tools

Tools Shape to be drawn

Sum.
1. T-square
Straight line
2. Triangles
T-square and triangles can be used together to draw
an inclined line with 15o increment, i.e. 15o, 30o, 45o,
60o, 75o, 90o, 105o, 120o, 135o, 150o, 165o, 180o etc.

3. Compass
Arc, Circle
4. Circle template
 Drawing Scales : Designation
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales
Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.
Drawing Scales : Standard scale

Standard reducing scales are

1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100

Standard enlarging scales are

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Neatness of a drawing
Should be complete and unambiguous
Should be neat and easy to read
Use only as many views as necessary to show all
required detail
Apply tolerances realistically - overly tight tolerances
can add a great deal of additional cost with little or not
added value to the part
To keep your drawing clean
Do Don’t
 Basic Line Types &
Name according to application
Thickness Thick Thin 1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
Visible line
Style 3. Leader line

Continuous Hidden line

Dash
Chain Center line

1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line

3. Hidden line represent features that can not be seen in the current view.

4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,

axis of axisymmetrical parts
 5. Section Lines

Thin lines usually drawn at a 45 degree angle.

Indicate the material that has been cut through in a
sectional view.

Section
Line

57
 6. Cutting Plane Lines

Thick broken line that is terminated with short 90 degree

arrowheads.
Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to better see the
interior detail.

58
 7. Break Lines

Used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening a

part.
Three types of break lines with different line weights.
a. Short Breaks.
b. Long Breaks.
c. Cylindrical Breaks.

59
a. Short Break Lines

Thick wavy line.

Used to break the edge or surface of a part for
clarity of a hidden surface.

Short Break Line

60
Continued…

Short Break Line

61
b. Long Break Lines

Long, thin lines.

Used to show that the middle section of an object
has been removed so it can be drawn on a smaller
piece of paper.

62
c. Cylindrical Break Lines

Thin lines.
Used to show round parts that are broken in half to
better clarify the print or to reduce the length of
the object.

63
 9. Phantom Lines

Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating

with pairs of short dashes.
Three purposes in drawings.
1. To show the alternate position of
moving parts.
2. To show the relationship of parts
that fit together.
3. To show repeated detail.

64
 Alternate Position

Phantom lines can show where a part is moving to

and from.
Eliminates the confusion of thinking there may be
2 parts instead of just 1.

Phantom Lines

65
Relationship of Mating Parts

Phantom lines can also show how two or more

parts go together without having to draw and
dimension both parts.

66
67
q

68
Line quality and technique
Line quality of the drawing affected by different
factors
The surface fixture of the drawing paper(smooth,
medium or rough)
The grade of the pencil (hard and soft)
Pressure on the pencil ( light, medium or firm)