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Mitu Sika

This document discusses sequential circuits and provides examples. It defines sequential circuits as circuits that have a memory element, such as a flip-flop, that stores information from one clock cycle to the next. The document shows an example sequential circuit and its state table and state diagram. It also describes the two types of sequential circuits - synchronous, which change only on a clock signal, and asynchronous, which can change at any time.

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Nishat Farjana
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21 views

Mitu Sika

This document discusses sequential circuits and provides examples. It defines sequential circuits as circuits that have a memory element, such as a flip-flop, that stores information from one clock cycle to the next. The document shows an example sequential circuit and its state table and state diagram. It also describes the two types of sequential circuits - synchronous, which change only on a clock signal, and asynchronous, which can change at any time.

Uploaded by

Nishat Farjana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example

 Input: x(t)
x
 Output: y(t) D Q A

 State: A
(A(t), B(t)) C Q

 What is the Output Function?


D Q B
 What is the Next State CP C Q
Function?
y

Sequential Circuits 8/4/23 PJF - 2


Example: State Table
 The state table can be filled in using the next state and output
equations:
 A(t+1) = A(t)x(t) + B(t)x(t)
 B(t+1) =A (t)x(t);
 y(t) =x (t)(B(t) + A(t))
Present State Input Next State Output
A(t) B(t) x(t) A(t+1) B(t+1) y(t)
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
Sequential Circuits 8/4/23 PJF - 3
1 1 1 1 0 0
Example: State Diagram
x=0/y=0 x=0/y=1 x=1/y=0
 Diagram gets
confusing for AB
large circuits 00 x=0/y=1 1 0
 For small circuits,x=1/y=0
usually easier to x=1/y=0
understand than x=0/y=1
the state table
01 11
x=1/y=0

Sequential Circuits 8/4/23 PJF - 4


Types of Sequential Circuits

There are two types of sequential circuits:


 Synchronous sequential circuit: circuit output
changes only at some discrete instants of time.
This type of circuits achieves synchronization by
using a timing signal called the clock.
 Asynchronous sequential circuit: circuit output
can change at any time (clockless).

Sequential Circuits 8/4/23 PJF - 5


Sequential Circuits

Circuits that we Information Storing


have learned Circuits
so far

Timed “States”
Sequential Circuits 8/4/23 PJF - 6
Example: A parity checker
5. Next-state logic minimization
 Assume D flip-flops
 Next state = (present state) XOR (present
input)
Mealy
6. Implement the design Output
Moore

Input D Q Input D Q
Output Current
State
Q Q

CLK CLK
A 2x2 Binary Multiplier
 The AND gates produce the
partial products

 For a 2-bit by 2-bit multiplier,


we can just use two half adders
to sum the partial products. In
general, though, we’ll need full
adders

 Here C3-C0 are the product, not


carries!
B1 B0
x A1 A0
A0B1 A0B0
+ A1B1 A1B0 8

C3 C2 C1 C0
BINARY DIVISION

 The process for dividing on binary number by another is


the same as that followed for decimal numbers. The
actual process is simpler in binary because when we are
checking how many times the divisor “ goes into “ the
dividend and the possibilities is 0 or 1.For example:
VARIOUS TYPES OF REGISTER
 A register is a device which is used to store information . Flip
flops are often used to make a register.
 Types of register :
 Memory Adder register (MAR)
 Program Counter(PC)
 Accumulator Register
 Memory Data Register(MDR)
 Memory Buffer Register
 Data Register
 Shift Register
 Parallel Register
BINRY MULTIPLICATION
 The multiplication of binary numbers is done in the
same manner as the multiplication of decimal numbers.
The process is actually simpler because the multiplier
digits are either 0 or 1 and so we are always multiplying
by 0 or 1 and no other digits . For example:

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