Lecture Presentation

Chapter 4

Reactions in
Aqueous Solution

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Solutions
• Solutions are defined as
homogeneous mixtures of
two or more pure
substances.
• The solvent is present in
greatest abundance.
• All other substances are
solutes.
• When water is the solvent,
the solution is called an
aqueous solution.
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 Aqueous Solutions
• Substances can dissolve in water by different ways:
 Ionic Compounds dissolve by dissociation, where
water surrounds the separated ions.
 Molecular compounds interact with water, but most do
NOT dissociate.
 Some molecular substances react with water when
they dissolve.

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 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

• An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates

into ions when dissolved in water.
• A nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it
does not dissociate into ions when it does so.

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 Electrolytes

• A strong electrolyte dissociates completely when

dissolved in water.
• A weak electrolyte only dissociates partially when
dissolved in water.
• A nonelectrolyte does NOT dissociate in water. Aqueous
Reactions

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 Precipitation Reactions
When two solutions containing soluble salts are
mixed, sometimes an insoluble salt will be
produced. A salt “falls” out of solution, like snow out
of the sky. This solid is called a precipitate.

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 Solubility of Ionic Compounds
• Not all ionic compounds dissolve in water.
• A list of solubility rules is used to decide
what combination of ions will dissolve.

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 Sample Exercise 4.2 Using Solubility Rules
Classify these ionic compounds as soluble or insoluble in water: (a) sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
(b) lead sulfate, PbSO4.

Solution
Analyze We are given the names and formulas of two ionic compounds and asked to predict whether they are
soluble or insoluble in water.
Plan We can use Table 4.1 to answer the
question. Thus, we need to focus on the
anion in each compound because
the table is organized by anions.

(a) According to Table 4.1, most carbonates are insoluble. But carbonates of the alkali metal cations (such as
sodium ion) are an exception to this rule and are soluble. Thus, Na2CO3 is soluble in water.
(b) Table 4.1 indicates that although most sulfates are water soluble, the sulfate of Pb 2+ is an exception.
Thus, PbSO4 is insoluble in water.

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 Sample Exercise 4.2 Using Solubility Rules
Continued

Practice Exercise 1
Which of the following compounds is insoluble in water?
(a) (NH4)2S, (b) CaCO3, (c) NaOH, (d) Ag2SO4, (e) Pb(CH3COO)2.

Practice Exercise 2
Classify the following compounds as soluble or insoluble in water: (a) cobalt(II) hydroxide, (b) barium nitrate,
(c) ammonium phosphate.

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 Metathesis (Exchange) Reactions
• Metathesis comes from a Greek word
that means “to transpose.”
• It appears as though the ions in the
reactant compounds exchange, or
transpose, ions, as seen in the
equation below.
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) +
KNO3(aq)

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Reactions

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 Sample Exercise 4.3 Predicting a Metathesis Reaction
(a) Predict the identity of the precipitate that forms when aqueous solutions of BaCl 2 and K2SO4 are mixed.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

Solution
Analyze We are given two ionic reactants and asked to predict the insoluble product that they form.
Plan We need to write the ions present in the reactants
and exchange the anions between the two cations.
Once we have written the chemical formulas for these
products, we can use Table 4.1 to determine which is
insoluble in water. Knowing the products also allows
us to write the equation for the reaction.

(a) The reactants contain Ba2+, Cl–, K+, and SO42− ions. Exchanging the anions gives us BaSO4 and KCl. According
to Table 4.1, most compounds of SO42– are soluble but those of Ba2+ are not. Thus, BaSO4 is insoluble and
will precipitate from solution. KCl is soluble.
(b) From part (a) we know the chemical formulas of the products, BaSO4 and KCl. The balanced equation is

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 Sample Exercise 4.3 Predicting a Metathesis Reaction
Continued

Practice Exercise 1
Yes or No: Will a precipitate form when solutions of Ba(NO3)2 and KOH are mixed?

Practice Exercise 2
(a) What compound precipitates when aqueous solutions of Fe 2(SO4)3 and LiOH are mixed? (b) Write a balanced
equation for the reaction.

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 Ways to Write Metathesis Reactions

1) Molecular equation
2) Complete ionic equation
3) Net ionic equation

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 Molecular Equation

The molecular equation lists the

reactants and products without
indicating the ionic nature of the
compounds.
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) +
KNO3(aq)

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Reactions

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 Complete Ionic Equation
• In the complete ionic equation all strong
electrolytes (strong acids, strong bases, and
soluble ionic salts) are dissociated into their
ions.
• This more accurately reflects the species that
are found
Ag+(aq) + in
NOthe
3
− reaction
(aq) + K + mixture.−
(aq) + Cl (aq) 
AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3−(aq)

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Reactions

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 Net Ionic Equation
• To form the net ionic equation, cross out
anything that does not change from the left
side of the equation to the right.
• The ions crossed out are called spectator
ions, K+ and NO3−, in this example.
• The remaining ions are the reactants that form
the product—an insoluble salt in a
precipitation
Ag +
(aq) + NOreaction,
−
(aq) + Kas
+ in this example.
(aq) + Cl−(aq) 
3

AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3−(aq) Aqueous

Reactions

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 Writing Net Ionic Equations
1. Write a balanced molecular equation.
2. Dissociate all strong electrolytes.
3. Cross out anything that remains
unchanged from the left side to the
right side of the equation.
4. Write the net ionic equation with the
species that remain.

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Reactions

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 Sample Exercise 4.4 Writing a Net Ionic Equation
Write the net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of calcium chloride
and sodium carbonate are mixed.

Solution
Analyze Our task is to write a net ionic equation for a precipitation reaction, given the names of the reactants
present in solution.
Plan We write the chemical formulas of the reactants and products and then determine which product is insoluble.
We then write and balance the molecular equation. Next, we write each soluble strong electrolyte as separated ions to
obtain the complete ionic equation. Finally, we eliminate the spectator ions to obtain the net ionic equation.
Solve Calcium chloride is composed of calcium ions,
Ca2+, and chloride ions, Cl–; hence, an aqueous solution
of the substance is CaCl2(aq). Sodium carbonate is
composed of Na+ ions and CO32– ions; hence, an
aqueous solution of the compound is Na2CO3(aq).
In the molecular equations for precipitation reactions,
the anions and cations appear to exchange partners.
Thus, we put Ca2+ and CO32– together to give CaCO3
and Na+ and Cl– together to give NaCl. According to
the solubility guidelines in Table 4.1, CaCO3 is insoluble
and NaCl is soluble. The balanced molecular equation is

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 Sample Exercise 4.4 Writing a Net Ionic Equation
Continued

In a complete ionic equation, only dissolved strong electrolytes (such as soluble ionic compounds) are written as
separate ions. As the (aq) designations remind us, CaCl2, Na2CO3, and NaCl are all dissolved in the solution.
Furthermore, they are all strong electrolytes. CaCO3 is an ionic compound, but it is not soluble. We do not write the
formula of any insoluble compound as its component ions. Thus, the complete ionic equation is

The spectator ions are Na+ and Cl–. Canceling them gives the following net ionic equation:

Check We can check our result by confirming that both the elements and the electric charge are balanced. Each side
has one Ca, one C, and three O, and the net charge on each side equals 0.
Comment If none of the ions in an ionic equation is removed from solution or changed in some way, all ions are
spectator ions and a reaction does not occur.

Practice Exercise 1
What happens when you mix an aqueous solution of sodium nitrate with an aqueous solution of barium chloride?
(a) There is no reaction; all possible products are soluble. (b) Only barium nitrate precipitates. (c) Only sodium
chloride precipitates. (d) Both barium nitrate and sodium chloride precipitate. (e) Nothing; barium chloride is not
soluble and it stays as a precipitate.

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 Sample Exercise 4.4 Writing a Net Ionic Equation
Continued

Practice Exercise 2
Write the net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and
potassium phosphate are mixed.

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 Acids
• The Swedish physicist
and chemist S. A.
Arrhenius defined acids
as substances that
increase the
concentration of H+
when dissolved in water.
• Both the Danish chemist
J. N. Brønsted and the
British chemist T. M.
Lowry defined them as
proton donors. Aqueous
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 Bases
• Arrhenius defined bases
as substances that
increase the
concentration of OH−
when dissolved in water.
• Brønsted and Lowry
defined them as proton
acceptors.

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 Strong or Weak?
• Strong acids completely dissociate in water;
weak acids only partially dissociate.
• Strong bases dissociate to metal cations and
hydroxide anions in water; weak bases only
partially react to produce hydroxide anions.

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 Acid-Base Reactions

 In an acid–base reaction, the acid (H2O above)

donates a proton (H+) to the base (NH3 above).
 Reactions between an acid and a base are called
neutralization reactions.
 When the base is a metal hydroxide, water and a
salt (an ionic compound) are produced.
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 Neutralization Reactions
When a strong acid (like HCl) reacts with a
strong base (like NaOH), the net ionic equation
is circled below:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH−(aq) 

Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + H2O(l)

H+(aq) + OH−(aq)  H2O(l) Aqueous

Reactions

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 Sample Exercise 4.7 Writing Chemical Equations for a Neutralization
Reaction
For the reaction between aqueous solutions of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and barium hydroxide, Ba(OH2), write
(a) the balanced molecular equation, (b) the complete ionic equation, (c) the net ionic equation.
Solution
Analyze We are given the chemical formulas for an acid and a base and asked to write a balanced molecular equation,
a complete ionic equation, and a net ionic equation for their neutralization reaction.
Plan As Equation 4.12 and the italicized statement that
follows it indicate, neutralization reactions form two
products, H2O and a salt. We examine the cation of the
base and the anion of the acid to determine the
composition of the salt.
Solve
(a) The salt contains the cation of the base (Ba2+) and
the anion of the acid (CH3COO–). Thus, the salt
formula is Ba(CH3COO)2. According to Table 4.1,
this compound is soluble in water. The unbalanced
molecular equation for the neutralization reaction is

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 Sample Exercise 4.7 Writing Chemical Equations for a Neutralization
Reaction
Continued
To balance this equation, we must provide two molecules of CH3COOH to furnish the two
CH3COO– ions and to supply the two H+ ions needed to combine with the two the two H+ ions
needed to combine with the two OH– ions of the base. The balanced molecular equation is

(b) To write the complete ionic equation, we identify the strong electrolytes and break them into ions. In this case
Ba(OH2) and Ba(CH3COO)2 are both water-soluble ionic compounds and hence strong water-soluble ionic
compounds and hence strong

(c) Eliminating the spectator ion, Ba2+, and simplifying coefficients gives the net ionic equation:

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 Gas-Forming Reactions

 Some metathesis reactions do not give

the product expected.
 When a carbonate or bicarbonate
reacts with an acid, the products are a
salt, carbon dioxide, and water.
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) +
H2O(l)
NaHCO3(aq) + HBr(aq) NaBr(aq) + CO2(g) +
Aqueous
H2O(l) Reactions

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 Gas-Forming Reactions

This reaction gives the predicted product,

but you had better carry it out in the hood
—the gas produced has a foul odor!
Na2S(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) +
H2S(g)

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 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

• Loss of electrons is oxidation.

• Gain of electrons is reduction.
• One cannot occur without the other.
• The reactions are often called redox reactions.
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 Oxidation Numbers

To determine if an oxidation–reduction
reaction has occurred, we assign an
oxidation number to each element in a
neutral compound or charged entity.

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Reactions

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

• Elements in their elemental form have

an oxidation number of zero.
• The oxidation number of a monatomic
ion is the same as its charge.

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Reactions

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

• Nonmetals tend to have negative

oxidation numbers, although some are
positive in certain compounds or ions.
– Fluorine always has an oxidation number
of −1.
– The other halogens have an oxidation
number of −1 when they are not with
oxygen; they can have positive oxidation
numbers, most notably in oxyanions.
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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

• Nonmetals tend to have negative

oxidation numbers, although some are
positive in certain compounds or ions.
– Oxygen has an oxidation number of −2,
except in the peroxide ion, in which it has
an oxidation number of −1.
– Hydrogen is −1 when bonded to a metal,
+1 when bonded to a nonmetal.

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

• The sum of the oxidation numbers in a

neutral compound is zero.
• The sum of the oxidation numbers in a
polyatomic ion is the charge on the ion.

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 Sample Exercise 4.8 Determining Oxidation Numbers
number of sulfur in (a) H2S, (b) S8, (c) SCl2, (d) Na2SO3, (e) SO42–.

Solution
Analyze We are asked to determine the oxidation number of sulfur in two molecular species, in the elemental form,
and in two substances containing ions.
Plan In each species the sum of oxidation numbers of all the atoms must equal the charge on the species. We will use
the rules outlined previously to assign oxidation numbers.
Solve
(a) When bonded to a nonmetal, hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1. Because the H 2S molecule is neutral, the
sum of the oxidation numbers must equal zero. Letting x equal the oxidation number of S, we have 2(+1) + x = 0.
Thus, S has an oxidation number of –2.
(b) Because S8 is an elemental form of sulfur, the oxidation number of S is 0.
(c) Because SCl2 is a binary compound, we expect chlorine to have an oxidation number of –1. The sum of the
oxidation numbers must equal zero. Letting x equal the oxidation number of S, we have x + 2(–1) = 0.
Consequently, the oxidation number of S must be +2.
(d) Sodium, an alkali metal, always has an oxidation number of +1 in its compounds. Oxygen commonly has an
oxidation state of –2. Letting x equal the oxidation number of S, we have 2(1) + x + 3(–
2) = 0. Therefore, the oxidation number of S in this compound (Na2SO3) is +4.
(e) The oxidation state of O is –2. The sum of the oxidation numbers equals –2, the net charge of the SO 42– ion. Thus,
we have x + 4(– 2) = –2. From this relation we conclude that the oxidation number of S in this ion is +6.

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 Sample Exercise 4.8 Determining Oxidation Numbers
Continued

Comment These examples illustrate that the oxidation number of a given element depends on the compound in
which it occurs. The oxidation numbers of sulfur, as seen in these examples, range from –2 to +6.

Practice Exercise 1
In which compound is the oxidation state of oxygen –1? (a) O2, (b) H2O, (c) H2SO4, (d) H2O2, (e) KCH3COO.

Practice Exercise 2
What is the oxidation state of the boldfaced element in (a) P2O5, (b) NaH, (c) Cr2O72–, (d) SnBr4, (e) BaO2?

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 Displacement Reactions
In displacement
reactions, ions
oxidize an
element.
In this reaction,
silver ions oxidize
copper metal:

Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

The reverse reaction does NOT occur. Why not? Aqueous

Reactions

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 Activity Series
• Elements
higher on the
activity series
are more
reactive.
• They are
more likely to
exist as ions.

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Reactions

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 Sample Exercise 4.10 Determining When an Oxidation-Reduction
Reaction Can Occur
Will an aqueous solution of iron(II) chloride oxidize magnesium metal? If so, write the balanced molecular and
net ionic equations for the reaction.

Solution
Analyze We are given two substances—an aqueous salt, FeCl2, and a metal, Mg—and asked if they react with
each other.
Plan A reaction occurs if the reactant that is a metal in its elemental form (Mg) is located above the reactant that is a
metal in its oxidized form (Fe2+) in Table 4.5. If the reaction occurs, the Fe2+ ion in FeCl2 is reduced to Fe, and the Mg
is oxidized to Mg2+.
Solve Because Mg is above Fe in the table, the reaction occurs. To write the formula for the salt produced in the
reaction, we must remember the charges on common ions. Magnesium is always present in compounds as Mg 2+; the
chloride ion is Cl–. The magnesium salt formed in the reaction is MgCl2, meaning the balanced molecular equation is

Both FeCl2 and MgCl2 are soluble strong electrolytes and can be written in ionic form, which shows us that Cl – is a
spectator ion in the reaction. The net ionic equation is

The net ionic equation shows that Mg is oxidized and Fe2+ is reduced in this reaction.

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 Sample Exercise 4.10 Determining When an Oxidation-Reduction
Reaction Can Occur
Continued

Check Note that the net ionic equation is balanced with respect to both charge and mass.

Practice Exercise 1
Which of these metals is the easiest to oxidize? (a) gold, (b) lithium, (c) iron, (d) sodium, (e) aluminum.

Practice Exercise 2
Which of the following metals will be oxidized by Pb(NO3)2: Zn, Cu, Fe?

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 Metal/Acid Displacement Reactions

• The elements above hydrogen will react

with acids to produce hydrogen gas.
• The metal is oxidized to a cation.

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 Sample Exercise 4.9 Writing Equations for Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
Write the balanced molecular and net ionic equations for the reaction of aluminum with hydrobromic acid.

Solution
Analyze We must write two equations—molecular and net ionic—for the redox reaction between a metal and an acid
Plan Metals react with acids to form salts and H2 gas. To write the balanced equations, we must write the chemical
formulas for the two reactants and then determine the formula of the salt, which is composed of the cation formed by
the metal and the anion of the acid.
Solve The reactants are Al and HBr. The cation formed by Al is Al3+ and the anion from hydrobromic acid is Br–.
Thus, the salt formed in the reaction is AlBr3. Writing the reactants and products and the balancing the equation gives
the molecular equation:

Both HBr and AlBr3 are soluble strong electrolytes. Thus, the complete ionic equation is

Because Br– is a spectator ion, the net ionic equation is

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 Sample Exercise 4.9 Writing Equations for Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
Continued

Comment The substance oxidized is the aluminum metal because its oxidation state changes from 0 in the metal to
+3 in the cation, thereby increasing in oxidation number. The H+ is reduced because its oxidation state changes from
+1 in the acid to 0 in H2.

Practice Exercise 1
Which of the following statements is true about the reaction between zinc and copper sulfate? (a) Zinc is oxidized,
and copper ion is reduced. (b) Zinc is reduced, and copper ion is oxidized. (c) All reactants and products are soluble
strong electrolytes. (d) The oxidation state of copper in copper sulfate is 0. (e) More than one of the previous choices
are true.

Practice Exercise 2
(a) Write the balanced molecular and net ionic equations for the reaction between magnesium and cobalt(II) sulfate.
(b) What is oxidized and what is reduced in the reaction?

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 Molarity
• The quantity of solute in a solution can
matter to a chemist.
• We call the amount dissolved its
concentration.
• Molarity is one way to measure the
concentration of a solution:
moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters

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Reactions

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 Sample Exercise 4.11 Calculating Molarity
Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 23.4 g of sodium sulfate (Na 2SO4) in enough water to
form 125 mL of solution.
Solution
Analyze We are given the number of grams of solute (23.4 g), its chemical formula (Na 2SO4), and the volume of the
solution (125 mL) and asked to calculate the molarity of the solution.
Plan We can calculate molarity using Equation 4.32. To do so, we must convert the number of grams of solute to
moles and the volume of the solution from milliliters to liters.
Solve The number of moles of Na2SO4 is
obtained by using its molar mass:

Converting the volume of the solution to liters:

Thus, the molarity is

Check Because the numerator is only slightly larger than the denominator, it is reasonable for the answer to be a little
over 1 M. The units (mol/L) are appropriate for molarity, and three significant figures are appropriate for the answer
because each of the initial pieces of data had three significant figures.

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 Mixing a Solution
• To create a solution of a known molarity, weigh out
a known mass (and, therefore, number of moles) of
the solute.
• Then add solute to a volumetric flask, and add
solvent to the line on the neck of the flask.

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Reactions

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 Sample Exercise 4.11 Calculating Molarity
Continued

Practice Exercise 1
What is the molarity of a solution that is made by dissolving 3.68 g of sucrose (C 12H22O11) in sufficient water to form
275.0 mL of solution? (a) 13.4 M, (b) 7.43 × 10–2 M, (c) 3.91 × 10–2 M, (d) 7.43 × 10–5 M, (e) 3.91 × 10–5 M.

Practice Exercise 2
Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 5.00 g of glucose (C 6H12O6) in sufficient water to form
exactly 100 mL of solution.

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 Sample Exercise 4.12 Calculating Molar Concentrations of Ions
What is the molar concentration of each ion present in a 0.025 M aqueous solution of calcium nitrate?

Solution
Analyze We are given the concentration of the ionic compound used to make the solution and asked to determine the
concentrations of the ions in the solution.
Plan We can use the subscripts in the chemical formula of the compound to determine the relative ion
concentrations.
Solve Calcium nitrate is composed of calcium ions (Ca)+2 and nitrate ions (NO3–), so its chemical formula is
Ca(NO3)2. Because there are two NO3– ions for each Ca2+ ion, each mole of Ca(NO3)2 that dissolves dissociates into
1 mol of Ca2+ and 2 mol of NO3–. Thus, a solution that is 0.025 M in Ca(NO3)2 is 0.025 M in Ca2+
and 2 × 0.025 M = 0.050 M in NO3–:

Check The concentration of NO3– ions is twice that of Ca2+ ions, as the subscript 2 after the NO3– in the chemical
formula Ca(NO3)2 suggests.

Practice Exercise 1
What is the ratio of the concentration of potassium ions to the concentration of carbonate ions in a 0.015 M solution
of potassium carbonate? (a) 1:0.015, (b) 0.015:1, (c) 1:1, (d) 1:2, (e) 2:1.

Practice Exercise 2
What is the molar concentration of K+ ions in a 0.015 M solution of potassium carbonate?
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 Sample Exercise 4.13 Using Molarity to Calculate Grams of Solute
How many grams of Na2SO4 are required to make 0.350 L of 0.500 M Na2SO4?

Solution
Analyze We are given the volume of the solution (0.350 L), its concentration (0.500 M), and the identity of the solute
Na2SO4 and asked to calculate the number of grams of the solute in the solution.
Plan We can use the definition of molarity (Equation 4.32) to determine the number of moles of solute, and then
convert moles to grams using the molar mass of the solute.

Solve Calculating the moles of Na2SO4 using the molarity and volume of solution gives

Because each mole of Na2SO4 has a mass of 142.1 g, the required number of grams of Na2SO4 is

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 Sample Exercise 4.13 Using Molarity to Calculate Grams of Solute
Continued

Check The magnitude of the answer, the units, and the number of significant figures are all appropriate.

Practice Exercise 1
What is the concentration of ammonia in a solution made by dissolving 3.75 g of ammonia in 120.0 L of water?
(a) 1.84 × 10–3 M, (b) 3.78 × 10–2 M, (c) 0.0313 M, (d) 1.84 M, (e) 7.05 M.

Practice Exercise 2
(a) How many grams of Na2SO4 are there in 15 mL of 0.50 M Na2SO4? (b) How many milliliters of 0.50 M Na2SO4
solution are needed to provide 0.038 mol of this salt?

Chemistry: The Central Science, 13th Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Sample Exercise 4.15 Using Mass Relations in a Neutralization
Reaction
How many grams of Ca(OH)2 are needed to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.100 M HNO3?

Solution
Analyze The reactants are an acid, HNO3, and a base, Ca(OH)2. The volume and molarity of HNO3 are given, and we
are asked how many grams of Ca(OH)2 are needed to neutralize this quantity of HNO3.
Plan Following the steps outlined by the green arrows in Figure 4.17, we use the molarity and volume of the HNO 3
solution (substance B in Figure 4.17) to calculate the number of moles of HNO3. We then use the balanced equation
to relate moles of HNO3 to moles of Ca(OH)2 (substance A). Finally, we use the molar mass to convert moles to
grams of Ca(OH)2:

Solve The product of the molar concentration of a solution and its volume in liters gives the number of moles
of solute:

Because this is a neutralization reaction, HNO3 and Ca(OH)2 react to form H2O and the salt containing Ca2+
and NO3–:

Chemistry: The Central Science, 13th Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Sample Exercise 4.15 Using Mass Relations in a Neutralization
Reaction
Continued

Check The answer is reasonable because a small volume of dilute acid requires only a small amount of base to
neutralize it.

Practice Exercise 1
How many milligrams of sodium sulfide are needed to completely react with 25.00 mL of a 0.0100 M aqueous
solution of cadmium nitrate, to form a precipitate of CdS(s)? (a) 13.8 mg, (b) 19.5 mg, (c) 23.5 mg, (d) 32.1 mg,
(e) 39.0 mg.

Practice Exercise 2
(a) How many grams of NaOH are needed to neutralize 20.0 mL of 0.150 M H2SO4 solution? (b) How many
liters of 0.500 M HCl(aq) are needed to react completely with 0.100 mol of Pb(NO3)2(aq), forming a precipitate
of PbCl2(s)?

Chemistry: The Central Science, 13th Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Titration
A titration is an analytical technique in which one
can calculate the concentration of a solute in a
solution.

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Titration

• A solution of known concentration, called a

standard solution, is used to determine the
unknown concentration of another solution.
• The reaction is complete at the equivalence
point. Aqueous
Reactions

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Exercise 4.16 Determining Solution Concentration by an
Acid–Base Titration
One commercial method used to peel potatoes is to soak them in a NaOH solution for a short time and then
remove the potatoes and spray off the peel. The NaOH concentration is normally 3 to 6 M, and the solution must
be analyzed periodically. In one such analysis, 45.7 mL of 0.500 M H2SO4 is required to neutralize 20.0 mL of
NaOH solution. What is the concentration of the NaOH solution?
Solution
Analyze We are given the volume (45.7 mL) and molarity (0.500 M) of an H2SO4 solution (the standard solution)
that reacts completely with 20.0 mL of NaOH solution. We are asked to calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.
Plan Following the steps given in Figure 4.19, we use the H2SO4 volume and molarity to calculate the number of
moles of H2SO4. Then we can use this quantity and the balanced equation for the reaction to calculate moles of
NaOH. Finally, we can use moles of NaOH and the NaOH volume to calculate NaOH molarity.
Solve The number of moles of H2SO4 is the product of the volume and molarity of this solution:

Acids react with metal hydroxides to form water and a salt. Thus, the balanced equation for the neutralization
reaction is

Chemistry: The Central Science, 13th Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus
 Sample Exercise 4.16 Determining Solution Concentration by an
Acid–Base Titration
Continued

According to the balanced equation, 1 mol H2SO4 mol NaOH. Therefore,

Knowing the number of moles of NaOH in 20.0 mL of solution allows us to calculate the molarity of this solution:

Practice Exercise 1
What is the molarity of an HCl solution if 27.3 mL of it neutralizes 134.5 mL of 0.0165 M Ba(OH)2? (a) 0.0444 M,
(b) 0.0813 M, (c) 0.163 M, (d) 0.325 M, (e) 3.35 M.

Practice Exercise 2
What is the molarity of a NaOH solution if 48.0 mL neutralizes 35.0 mL of 0.144 M H 2SO4?

Chemistry: The Central Science, 13th Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Brown/LeMay/Bursten/Murphy/Woodward/Stoltzfus