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Unit-I-Introduction To LINUX (p1)

The document provides an introduction to Linux operating systems and their components. It discusses that Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix. The three main components of Linux are the kernel, shell, and programs. The kernel manages hardware resources and performs tasks like memory management. The shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel. Linux also includes utilities for development, text editors, compilers and debuggers. It features portability, security, and reliable performance.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views

Unit-I-Introduction To LINUX (p1)

The document provides an introduction to Linux operating systems and their components. It discusses that Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix. The three main components of Linux are the kernel, shell, and programs. The kernel manages hardware resources and performs tasks like memory management. The shell acts as an interface between the user and kernel. Linux also includes utilities for development, text editors, compilers and debuggers. It features portability, security, and reliable performance.

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mister bean
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to LINUX

Unit I (Part-I)
Introduction to Operating Systems
● Acts as an interface between user & hardware
● Provides an environment in which user can execute programs
● Software that makes the hardware usable
● Resource Manager
● Performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory
management, process management, handling input and output,
and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
● Ex. Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System
Computer system structure
Introduction to UNIX

● UNIX is an Operating System (OS)


● A popular multi-user, multi-tasking OS
○ Several people can use a Unix computer at the same time; hence Unix is called a multiuser
system.
○ A user can also run multiple programs at the same time; hence Unix is a multitasking
environment.
● Created at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson
● There are various Unix variants available in the market.
○ Solaris Unix, AIX, HP Unix and BSD are a few examples.
○ Linux is also a flavor of Unix which is freely available.
Flavors of UNIX

These can be grouped into two categories:

Proprietary: (redistribution and modification prohibited or restricted; not
free)
● Solaris
● IRIX
● Mac OS X
● and many others...

Open Source: (source code is readily available and free to modify)
● FreeBSD - no access currently available at UMBC.
● Linux Distributions
● RedHat and the Fedora Project (maintained by RedHat)
● Mandrake
● Debian
● SuSE
● Slackware
● openSUSE
● Ubuntu
LINUX System Organization…
Source: Tutorialspoint
Components
● The Linux operating system is made up of three parts;
○ The kernel, the shell and the programs.
● Kernel
○ Monitors and controls the resources of a computer and allocates them among its users in an optimal manner.
○ The heart of the operating system.
○ It interacts with the hardware and most of the tasks like memory management, task scheduling and file
management.
● Shell
○ Acts as an interface between the user and the kernel.
○ It translates commands entered by the user and converts them into a language that is understood by the
kernel.

● Application Programs
○ This is the software that users commonly interact with
○ Utilities: Programs which are used for development purposes
Shell

● The shell is a command line interpreter;


● Acts as an interface between the user and the kernel.
○ It translates commands entered by the user and converts them into a
language that is understood by the kernel.
● Used for command line input/output to and from users
● Provides a processing environment for the user programs and acts like a
command translator
● Different shells available - C Shell, Bourne Shell and Korn Shell 
Programming Tools and Utilities

● Text Editors ● Debuggers


○ Xemacs ○ C / C++ debugger - gdb
○ Emacs
● Interpreters
○ Pico
○ Perl - perl
○ vi
○ Tcl/Tk - tcl & wish
● Compilers
○ C compiler - gcc
● Miscellaneous
○ C++ compiler - g++ ○ Web Browsers - Mozilla,
○ Java compiler & Java Virtual Netscape, Firefox, and
Machine - javac & java Lynx (lynx is text based)
Features
● Portability : Written in C, hence can run on microcomputers to mainframe computers
● Security: Without proper username and password, it is not possible to work on Linux
● Pipes: work with multiple commands at the same time
● Redirection Tools: Allow data to be redirected between files as per the requirements of the
user
● Software Development Tools: Linux supports any language that has interpreter or compiler
● Stable & Reliable: Less prone to crashes
● Communication: Linux has commands which allow communication between users
connected to the system
● Hierarchical File System: Easy to implement and maintain data
● Shells: Linux has different types of shells, viz. C, Bourne, Korn, etc.
● Machine Independent – the system hides the machine architecture from the user, making it
easier to write the applications that can run or micros, minis and mainframes.
● Modularity: Unix consists of multiple number of independent modules which perofrm
different elementary task
● Help facility: man command to provide help
Interfaces
● GUI
○ When you logon locally, you are presented with graphical environment.
● Command Line Interface
○ Terminal
File system
● Each physical drive can be divided into several partitions
● Each partition can contain one file system
● Each file system contains:
○ boot block(s)
■  A boot block may contain the bootstrap code that is read into the machine upon booting.
○ Superblock
■ A superblock describes the state of the file system.
■ contains information about the geometry of the physical disk, the layout of the partition, number of
inodes and data blocks, and much more.
○ inode list
■ Stores the list of inodes for all the files in the file system
■ Disk space allocation is managed by the inodes
○ data blocks
■ contain file data and directory blocks
Installation of Fedora
● Visit fedora website
● Getting help
○ Fedora website, mailing lists, forums
● Download files as per your system configuration to make media or another
bootable.
● Prepare system for installation.
● Boot the computer and run the installation process.
● Reboot and perform post-installation configuration.
Disk Partitioning
● The process of dividing a disk into one or more logical areas on which the
user can work separately
● The disk will store the information about the location and size of partitions in
the partition table.
● Each partition can appear to the operating system as a logical disk, and users
can read and write data on those disks.
● Each partition can be managed separately
Create Partitions in the Disk
● log in as root
● To view the available Hard Disks in your system, use the command lsblk

Why we need it?

● To upgrade Hard Disk


● Dual Booting
● Efficient disk management
● Ensure backup and security
● Work with different File Systems using the same system

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