Unit-2

Introduction to
cloud
computing
 Contents
•Cloud Computing in a Nutshell
•Roots of Cloud Computing
•Layers and Types of Clouds
•Desired Features of a Cloud
•Cloud Infrastructure Management
•Examining the Characteristics of Cloud Computing
 Cloud-Computing

Cloud:- Cloud refers to servers that are accessed

over the internet located remotely.
Computing:- Any activity that users computers to
manage process and communicate information.
 Cloud computing
It is the on demand availability of computer
system resources and computing power
without direct active management by the
user.
 Cloud computing in nutshell
✘ Technologies such as cluster, grid, and now, cloud computing,
have all aimed at allowing access to large amounts of
computing power in a fully virtualized manner.
✘ Consumers pay providers based on usage (“pay-as-you-go”),
similar to the way in which we currently obtain services from
traditional public utility services such as water, electricity, gas,
and telephony.
✘ Cloud computing has been coined as an umbrella term to
describe a category of sophisticated on-demand computing
services initially offered by commercial providers, such as
Amazon, Google, and Microsoft.
✘ It denotes a model on which a computing infrastructure is
viewed as a “cloud,” from which businesses and individuals
access applications from anywhere in the world on demand
✘ The main principle behind this model is offering computing,
storage, and software “as a service.”
Cloud computing is the result of many years of
evolution dating back to the first computers. It is
the natural progression from the centralized
mainframe era, to the distributed client-server era
enabled by the birth of personal computers, to the
Internet era where the enterprise was able to
connect to the rest of the world through a network
of computers that spanned the globe.
In October 2010, a photo-sharing application called Instagram
was launched, and 25,000 people registered on that first day.
Three months later, Instagram had 1 million users, and shortly
after hit 10 million. At that time, the company only offered an
iOS version of its mobile application, so it was only capturing
iPhone users.

Would it have been possible that a normal

traditional server would have supported that kind
of traffic?
 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
✘ We can track the roots of clouds computing by
observing the advancement of several technologies,
especially in hardware (virtualization, multi-core
chips), Internet technologies (Web services, service-
oriented architectures, Web 2.0), distributed
computing (clusters, grids), and systems management
(autonomic computing, data center automation).
✘ This model brings benefits to both consumers and providers
of IT services. Consumers can attain reduction on IT-related
costs by choosing to obtain cheaper services from external
providers as opposed to heavily investing on IT infrastructure
and personnel hiring. The “on-demand” component of this
model allows consumers to adapt their IT usage to rapidly
increasing or unpredictable computing needs.
✘ Web services can glue together applications running on
different messaging product platforms, enabling information
from one application to be made available to others, and
enabling internal applications to be made available over the
Internet.
✘ The purpose of a SOA is to address requirements of loosely
coupled, standards-based, and protocol-independent
distributed computing.
✘ In a SOA, software resources are packaged as “services,”
which are well-defined, self-contained modules that provide
standard business functionality and are independent of the
state or context of other services. Services are described in a
standard definition language and have a published interface.
Types of cloud
✘ Cloud computing services are divided into three classes,
according to the abstraction level of the capability provided
and the service model of providers, namely:
(1) Infrastructure as a Service
(2) Platform as a Service
(3) Software as a Service
 Infrastructure-as-a-service
✘ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is the delivery of computer
hardware (servers, networking technology, storage, and data
center space) as a service. It may also include the delivery of
operating systems and virtualization technology to manage the
resources.
✘ Dynamic scaling as applied to infrastructure means that the
infrastructure can be automatically scaled up or down, based
on the requirements of the application.
 Platform-as-a-service
✘ With Platform as a Service (PaaS), the provider delivers more
than infrastructure. It delivers what you might call a solution
stack — an integrated set of software that provides everything
a developer needs to build an application — for both software
development and runtime.
✘ PaaS can be viewed as an evolution of Web hosting. In recent
years, Webhosting companies have provided fairly complete
software stacks for developing Websites.
 Software-as-a-service
✘ One of the first implementations of cloud services was
Software as a Service (SaaS) — business applications that are
hosted by the provider and delivered as a service.
✘ At the top of the stack is SaaS. SaaS is a complete application
delivered as a service to the service consumer. The service
consumer has only to configure some application-specific
parameters and manage users.
 Features of cloud
✘ Certain features of a cloud are essential to enable services that
truly represent the cloud computing model and satisfy
expectations of consumers, and cloud offerings must be
(i) self-service
(ii) per-usage metered and billed
(iii) elastic
(iv) customizable.
 CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE
MANAGEMENT
✘ A key challenge IaaS providers face when building a cloud
infrastructure is managing physical and virtual resources,
namely servers, storage, and networks
✘ The orchestration of resources must be performed in a way to
rapidly and dynamically provision resources to applications
✘ The software toolkit responsible for this orchestration is
called a virtual infrastructure manager.
 Features of infrastructure manager
✘ Virtualization Support-The multi-tenancy aspect of clouds
requires multiple customers with disparate requirements to be
served by a single hardware infrastructure. Virtualized
resources (CPUs, memory, etc.) can be sized and resized with
certain flexibility.
✘ Self-Service, On-Demand Resource Provisioning-Self-
service access to resources has been perceived as one the most
attractive features of clouds.
✘ Storage Virtualization- Virtualizing storage means abstracting
logical storage from physical storage. By consolidating all
available storage devices in a data center
✘ Dynamic Resource Allocation- Increased awareness of energy
consumption in data centers has encouraged the practice of
dynamic consolidating VMs in a fewer number of servers.
✘ High Availability and Data Recovery- The high availability
(HA) feature of UI managers aims at minimizing application
downtime and preventing business disruption.
 Characteristics of cloud
✘ On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human
administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor
and manage computing resources as needed.
✘ Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard
networks and heterogeneous devices.
✘ Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to
scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user
require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its
requirement gets over.
✘ Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) present are shared across multiple applications and occupant
in an uncommitted manner.
✘ Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and
occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider
with an account of what has been used. This is done for various
reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
 What does Cloud computing achieve?
Traditional IT Cloud Computing
 Limited to local disk, may be  Dynamically allocated on
less consumed. demand.
 Hard to retain data consistency.  Data consistency continued by
 Computing power is not cloud.
movable.  Can be accessed via small smart
 Small devices can only perform devices.
basic work.  Small smart devices can also be
managed through the cloud.
 Cloud Architecture
✘ Cloud computing architecture is a general high level
view to visualize the structure of the system various
cloud resources, middleware, software components,
services and relationships among them.
✘ Users can use various services according to their
choice and usage; service providers provide those
services with the help of various virtualization
techniques.
 Challenges with Cloud Computing
✘ 1. Security
✘ 2. integration of services
✘ 3. High network response time
✘ 4. The problem of metering
 Performance and Optimization
✘ For a cloud to provide great computing power,
application performance must be guaranteed
✘ Methods for achieving performance and
Optimization:
1. Parallel processing
2. Load balancing
3. Job scheduler