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IP Addressing

An IP address is a unique identifier for a device on a TCP/IP network. It is represented as a 32-bit binary number that is usually written in dotted decimal format with four numbers separated by periods. IP addresses can be divided into a network portion and host portion. Subnet masking allows networks to be divided into subnets to control traffic, with each physical network segment having a unique network ID. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to determine the MAC address that corresponds to an IP address so packets can be delivered to the correct destination.

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19 views

IP Addressing

An IP address is a unique identifier for a device on a TCP/IP network. It is represented as a 32-bit binary number that is usually written in dotted decimal format with four numbers separated by periods. IP addresses can be divided into a network portion and host portion. Subnet masking allows networks to be divided into subnets to control traffic, with each physical network segment having a unique network ID. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to determine the MAC address that corresponds to an IP address so packets can be delivered to the correct destination.

Uploaded by

Bikila Seketa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IP Addressing

INTW 1325
What is an IP address?

• An unique identifier for a


computer or device (host) on a
TCP/IP network

• A 32-bit binary number usually


represented as 4 decimal
numbers separated by a period

Example:

206 . 40 . 185 . 73
11001110.00101000. 10111001.01001001
2
What is an IP address?

• Each address is 32 bits wide

• Valid addresses can range from


0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

WHY?

Because 11111111b = 25510

3
What is an IP address?

Theoretically, a total of  4.3 billion


addresses are available

WHY?

Because 232 = 4,294,967,29610

4
Two addresses in one…

• Each address consists of two


parts

1. The network address

2. The host address

• Other systems may use more


than one address (Ex: IPX)

5
The Five Network Classes

1. Class A – begins with 0


• 00000001 (110) to 01111111 (12610)*

2. Class B – begins with 10


• 10000000 (12810) to 10111111 (19110)

3. Class C – begins with 110


• 11000000 (19210) to 11011111 (22310)
*01111111 = 12710
Addresses beginning with 127 are reserved for
6
loopback (127.0.0.1 is YOU)
The Five Network Classes

4. Class D – begins with 1110


• 22410 to 23910
• Reserved for multicasting

5. Class E – begins with 1111


• 24010 to 25410
• Reserved for future use

These should not be used for host


addressing
7
Which part belongs to the network
and which part belongs to the
node?
Class A –
XXXXXXXX.yyyyyyyy.yyyyyyyy.yyyyyyyy

Class B –
XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.yyyyyyyy.yyyyyyyy

Class C –
XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.yyyyyyyy

Where X = Network
and
y = node 8
IP Addresses*

Class 1st Octet Networks Ids Host IDs

A 1-126 27 = 126 224 = 16M

B 128-191 214 = 16K 216 = 64K

C 192-223 221 = 2M 28 = 255

*Numbers not exact


9
There are three IP network
addresses reserved for private
networks
1. 10.0.0.0/8

2. 172.16.0.0/12

3. 192.168.0.0/16

These can be used by anyone


setting up an internal network.

Routers will never forward packets


coming from these addresses. 10
Subnetting

• …can be done for a variety of


reasons
– Organization
– Use of different physical media
– Preservation of address space
– Security

• The most common reason is to


control network traffic

11
Subnetting

• In an Ethernet network, all nodes


on a segment see all packets
transmitted by other nodes on
that segment

• Performance can be adversely


affected under heavy traffic loads

• A router is used to connect IP


networks to minimize the amount
of traffic each segment must
receive
12
Subnet masking

• Applying a subnet mask allows you to


identify the network and node parts of the
address. A router will then determine
whether the address is local or remote.

• Network bits are masked as 1s


• Node bits are masked as 0s

• Class A – 255.0.0.0
– 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
• Class B – 255.255.0.0
– 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
• Class C – 255.255.255.0
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

13
Subnet masking

14
Subnet masking

• Performing a bitwise logical AND


between the IP address and the
subnet mask results in the network
address

• Ex: Class - B 140.179.240.200


10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000

Network Address = 140.179.000.000

15
A Few Rules…

1. Each device on a node has a unique


MAC address

2. Each device on a node needs a unique


IP address

3. All devices on the same physical


segment share a common network ID
(subnet mask)

4. Each physical segment has a unique


Network ID (subnet mask)
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Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP)
• Before an IP packet can be forwarded
to another host, the MAC address
(usually 6 bytes written in hex (Ex: 02-
FE-87-4A-8C-A9) of the receiving
machine must be known
• ARP determines the MAC addresses
that correspond to an IP address
• A router will choose direct paths for the
network packets based on the
addressing of the IP frame it is
handling (different routes to different
networks)
17
Direct and Indirect Routing

• Direct – when nodes are on the


same network

• Indirect – used when the network


numbers of the source and
destination do not match
– Packet must be forwarded by a node
that knows hot to reach the
destination (a router)

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