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Digital Transmission

The 4B/5B coding scheme was designed to be used with NRZ-1 encoding to help solve synchronization issues. The 8B/10B encoding provides greater error detection than 4B/5B by encoding groups of 8 bits into 10-bit codes. R8ZS encoding replaces long runs of zeros with special sequences to break up the zeros and help with clock recovery. HDB3 encoding uses two rules to determine the substitution pattern for long runs of zeros to ensure an even distribution of signal transitions. Serial transmission involves sending data one bit at a time using either asynchronous, synchronous, or isochronous transmission depending on whether timing is important.

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46 views20 pages

Digital Transmission

The 4B/5B coding scheme was designed to be used with NRZ-1 encoding to help solve synchronization issues. The 8B/10B encoding provides greater error detection than 4B/5B by encoding groups of 8 bits into 10-bit codes. R8ZS encoding replaces long runs of zeros with special sequences to break up the zeros and help with clock recovery. HDB3 encoding uses two rules to determine the substitution pattern for long runs of zeros to ensure an even distribution of signal transitions. Serial transmission involves sending data one bit at a time using either asynchronous, synchronous, or isochronous transmission depending on whether timing is important.

Uploaded by

Jed Kester
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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4B/5B

The four binary/five binary (4B/5B) coding scheme was


designed to be used in combination with NRZ-1. Recall that
NRZ-I has a good signal rate, one-half that of the biphase, but it
has a synchronization problem.
8B/10B

The eight binary/ten binary (8B/10B) encoding is similar to 4B/5B


encoding except tha group of 8 bits of data is now substituted by a
10-bit code. It provides greater error detect capability than
4B/SB. The 8B/10B block coding is actually a combination of
5B/6B and 3B/4B encoding, as shown in the Figure.
R8ZS

In this technique, eight con secutive zero-level voltages are


replaced by the sequence 000VBOVB. The V in the sequence
denotes violation; this is a nonzero voltage that breaks an
AMI rule of encoding (opposite polarity from the previous).
The B in the sequence denotes bipolar; which means a
nonzero level voltage in accordance with the AMI rule. There
are two cases, as shown in the Figure.
HDB3

The two rules can be stated as follows:


1. If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is
odd, the substitution pattern

2. If the number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution is


even, the substitution pattern will be B00V, which makes the
total number of nonzero pulses even.
TRANSMISSION
MODES
The transmission of binary data across a link can be accomplished
in either parallel or serial mode. In parallel mode, multiple bits are
sent with each clock tick. In serial mode, bit is sent with each clock
tick. While there is only one way to send parallel data, there are
three subclasses of serial transmission: asynchronous, synchronous,
and isochronous.
Parallel Transmission

Binary data, consisting of Is and Os, may be organized


into groups of n bits each. Computers produce and
consume data in groups of bits.
Serial Transmission

In serial transmission one bit follows another, so we


need only one communication channel rather than n
to transmit data between two communicating devices.
Asynchronous Transmission

Asynchronous transmission is so named because the timing


of a signal is unimportant. Instead, information is received
and translated by agreed upon patterns.
Synchronous Transmission

In synchronous transmission, the bit stream is combined into


longer "frames," which may contain multiple bytes. Each byte,
however, is introduced onto the transmission link without a gap
between it and the next one.
Isochronous

In real-time audio and video, in which uneven delays


between frames are not acceptable, synchronous
transmission fails. For example, TV images are
broadcast at the rate of 30 images per second; they
must be viewed at the same rate.

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