HTML

Introduction
The most popular mark-up language among the
developers HTML was started at CERN in 1989 with
the idea of creating a hypertext system for the internet
by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.
HTML was first launched in 1991 with the first version
of the language, HTML 1.0, which was released in the
same year. The first version of HTML was
called HTML 1.0 Strict and was released in 1993.
HTML was then released in 1994 with the second
version of the language, HTML 2.0, which was released
in 1995. The second version of HTML was
called HTML 2.0 Transitional and was released in
1997.
What Is HTML?
The full form of HTML is Hypertext Markup Language. It
is a mark-up language that is used to create web pages.
HTML is a subset of the XHTML language, which is used to
create XML documents that are valid and well-formed.
You can think of HTML as the skeleton, structure,
or layout of a web page. Everything on a webpage is built
using components of HTML.
The smallest unit of HTML is called a tag. A tag is a piece of
code that tells the browser how to display a certain part of the
page. For example, the <h1> tag tells the browser to display
the text inside the tag as a heading.
 The Story behind HTML
In the year 1980, a physicist named Tim Berners-Lee come
up with an idea of a system in which documents could be
stored and shared with the researchers at CERN.
The idea was to create a system where researchers could
create documents and share them with other researchers. The
documents would be stored on a server and the researchers
could access them through a web browser.
Then in 1989, he composed an update proposing an Internet-
based Hypertext System for global computers. Tim
Berners-Lee's idea was a model in which users can navigate
from one set of information on a computer to another set of
information on another computer.
Note: A hypertext system is a network of text documents connected using a 
hyperlink and can be jumped from one document to another using some action like a
mouse click.
Tim Berners-Lee wrote the browser and server software for
HTML in 1990.
Berners-Lee and another data system engineer collaborated
in 1990 to request funding but CERN rejected the project.
In late 1991 Tim Berner-Lee publicly posted the
description of HTML in a document called HTML Tags.
Versions of HTML

Let's see the list of different versions of HTML with their timeline and features.
1991 - Tim Berners-Lee created HTML 1.0
1993:-
HTML 1.0 was first released in 1993 for developers
back then not many developers were creating websites so it was evolving slowly
during those time
This version only had basic tags like text, even tables and fonts were not
available in this version
Nov 24, 1995 - This year HTML 2.0 was published. All the features of
HTML 1.0 were inherited in HTML 2.0 plus new features were added. Until
the release of HTML 3.0, it remains the standard markup language for
creating websites.
Jan 14, 1997:-
HTML 3.2 was published in 1997 as W3C Recommendation
It was the first version of HTML which was developed by W3C
In this version, there was good support for form elements
One most important thing that was added in this version was the support of CSS
1999:-
HTML 4.01 was published as W3C Recommendation on Dec 14, 1999
This version was the most successful of all previous HTML released versions
In this version features like multimedia, scripting, better printing features and
more were added.
After the release of HTML 4.01, no newer version of HTML was released for
many years because W3C's HTML working group were busy building the
language XHTML
2014:-
HTML5 (the latest version of HTML) was released on Oct 28, 2014 as W3C
Recommendation
It was an extended version of HTML 4.01 published in 2012
Many new tags were added in this version
like <header>, <footer>, <main>, <video>, etc
Future of HTML
HTML has covered a long journey from a simple idea of
document sharing among different computers to becoming
part of almost everything we do on the internet.
HTML has always changed with the world with new demands
and technology and will keep changing and adding new
features. A most recent update in HTML5 was the addition
of canvas which was really awesome, you can use canvas to
draw shapes, images, text, animations, and even an entire
game upon it.
As the technology has become more complex to fulfill the
increasing demand for more reliable devices, the future of
HTML lies in adaptability to change, operationality for
different devices, and new features for developers and users.
 Here is some key information to easily describe HTML:
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a language for publishing text-based and multimedia
information on the World Wide Web.
HTML is a straightforward Computer Coding Language. It was developed in the 90s. HTML
is the basis of a web page, and the web page is the basis of a website. HTML uses 'tags' to
create web documents.
HTML is a hypertext markup language, a predetermined set of markup tags used to design
web pages.
HTML is the first language of web designing. CSS is also used along with HTML to improve
web page design further. JavaScript is used with HTML to make web pages dynamic.
HTML is relatively easy to learn because every tag is predefined, so only we need to know
the work of tags and their attributes.
Web browsers (Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, and other web browsers) are
software' to read HTML and display web page design as output.
You can write HTML in any simple editor, such as Notepad. And other software, such
as Adobe Dreamweaver, Sublime, NetBeans, Notepad ++, etc., are mainly used for writing
and editing HTML.
".html" or ".htm" are the two extensions used to write and save HTML files; we can write
HTML code in any text editor and save it as "filename.html" or "filename.htm".
What is HTML DOCTYPE?
HTML Doctype Declaration refers to a Document Type
Definition (DTD). A DTD refers to an XML document
format representing allowed elements in a web page. Every
HTML document requires a document type declaration. It
is a directive that tells the web browser about the
HTML version and standard in which the current page
is written; this helps different web browsers parse the
web page correctly. Technically the Doctype declaration
does not belong to the category of tag or element in
HTML. It is just a directive to the web browser about the
type of HTML document. It is a null element with no
closing tag.
These are some of the points which are essential to know for
the Doctype Declaration:
The doctype declaration should be on the first line at the
top of all other content on the web page.
The Doctype declaration was long for earlier versions of
HTML because the HTML language was SGML-based
and therefore required reference to DTDs, but they are
now obsolete.
The HTML5 doctype declaration is concise, easy to use,
reliable, and case-insensitive.
In HTML5, only the doctype declaration is required to
enable standards mode for web pages.
Doctype declaration differs in different HTML versions.
example template of HTML 5 doctype
declaration:
 <!DOCTYPE Root element Publicity
"Registration//Organization//Type Name//Language"
"URL">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head> <title>Example of HTML5
Doctype declaration</title>
</head>
<body>
The body of the web page.
</body>
</html>
In earlier versions of HTML, some parameters are attached to the doctype:
Root element: It represents the root element of the document. <HTML> for
HTML or XHTML.
Publicity: The Publicity parameter can be either PUBLIC or SYSTEM. For
HTML or XHTML, the DOCTYPE value is PUBLIC.
Registration: It can hold two values, namely plus (+), which lists the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developer, and minus (-),
not registering the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
developer.
Organization: It is the name of the DTD developer. W3C for HTML or
XHTML.
Type: It declares the document type. DTD for HTML or XHTML.
Name: It defines the unique identifier illustrating DTD.
Language: The HTML document with the language type, two letters in
uppercase. For HTML or XHTML, English (EN) is the language.
URL: It defines the Document Type Description URL (for example,
https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd).
SGML
SGML (standard generalized markup language) is an international standard
for the definition of markup languages; that is, it is a metalanguage. Markup
consists of notations called tags that specify the function of a piece of text
or how it is to be displayed. SGML emphasizes descriptive markup, in
which a tag might be “<emphasis>.” Such a markup denotes the document
function, and it could be interpreted as reverse video on a computer screen,
underlining by a typewriter, or italics in typeset text.
SGML is used to specify DTDs (document type definitions). A DTD
defines a kind of document, such as a report, by specifying what elements
must appear in the document—e.g., <Title>—and giving rules for the use of
document elements, such as that a paragraph may appear within a table
entry but a table may not appear within a paragraph. A marked-up text may
be analyzed by a parsing program to determine if it conforms to a DTD.
Another program may read the markups to prepare an index or to translate
the document into PostScript for printing. Yet another might generate large
type or audio for readers with visual or hearing disabilities.
What does the web server do?
What does the web browser do?