SUN RISE AND SET
RISE/SET
Visible Rising and setting:
Sunrise : The instant the upper limb of Sun appears
on horizon.
Sunset : The instant the upper limb of Sun disappears
beyond horizon.
Moonrise : The instant the upper limb of Moon
appears on horizon.
Moonset : The instant the upper limb of Moon
disappears beyond horizon.
Limb, in astronomy, the appearance of the border of the disk
SUN SET OR RISE
LOWER LIMB
UPPER LIMB
Sunrise and sunset.
* For computational purposes, sunrise or sunset is defined to
occur when the geometric zenith distance of center of the Sun is
90.8333 degrees. That is, the center of the Sun is geometrically 50
arc minutes below a horizontal plane.
* For an observer at sea level, with an unobstructed horizon,
under average atmospheric conditions, the upper limb of the Sun
will then appear to be tangent to the horizon.
* The 50-arcminute geometric depression of the Sun's center
used for the computations is obtained by adding the average
apparent radius of the Sun (16 arc minutes) to the average
amount of atmospheric refraction at the horizon (34 arc minutes).
SAK 6
Rise and set
* Accuracy of rise/set computations.
* The times of rise and set phenomena cannot be
precisely computed, because, in practice, the actual
times depend on unpredictable atmospheric
conditions that affect the amount of refraction at
the horizon.
* Even under ideal conditions (e.g., a clear sky at
sea) the times computed for rise or set may be in
error by a minute or more.
ALMANAC
• Times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, and
twilight information, at various latitudes between 72°N
and 60°S, is listed to the nearest whole minute.
• Symbols are used in the almanacs to indicate:
• 1. Sun or moon does not set, but remains continuously
above the horizon, indicated by an open rectangle.
• 2. Sun or moon does not rise, but remains continuously
below the horizon, indicated by a solid rectangle.
• 3. Twilight lasts all night, indicated by 4 slashes (////).
Difference of the rise/set time
with the latitude
ALMANAC
• In the Nautical Almanac, sunrise, sunset, and
twilight tables are given only once for the
middle of the three days on each page. For
navigational purposes this information can be
used for all three days.
• Almanac have moonrise and moonset tables
for each day. (from 76°N to 60°S).
• Sunrise and sunset are also tabulated in the
tide tables
The tabulations are in LMT.
Apply the longitude (as time) for finding UT ; and ZD for ZT
ZT
* The tabulations arein LMT.
* Apply the longitude (as time) for finding UT ; and ZD for ZT
* UT = LMT + W Long.(time)
* ZT = UT –ZD (W Long.)
LMT
(W) + long(time)
ZT
UT
- ZD
ZT
* The tabulations are in LMT.
* Apply the longitude (as time) for finding UT ; and ZD for ZT
* UT = LMT + W Long.(time)
* ZT = UT –ZD (W Long.)
LMT
ZT
*UT = LMT - E Long.(time)
(W) + long(time)
* ZT = UT + ZD (E Long.)
UT
- ZD
ZT
LMT
- long(time) (E)
UT
+ ZD
ZT
• To find the time of sunrise or sunset in the Nautical
Almanac,
• enter the table on the daily page, and extract
the LMT for the latitude next smaller than your
own (unless it is exactly the same).
• Apply a correction from Table I on almanac page
xxxii to interpolate for altitude, determining the
sign by inspection.
• Then convert LMT to UT or ZT using the
difference of longitude between the local and
zone meridians
RISE
Day 16 May 2012,
position
38°36,8’N - 056°32,2’E,
find sun rise as ZT.
SET
SUN RISE and SET
Almanac 16 May 2012
Lat:38° 36’,8N
(From almanac)
RISE
40 N 04h44m
38° 36’,8 N
35 N 04h55m
Difference -11m
SUN RISE and SET
Almanac 16 May, Lat:38° 36’,8N
(From almanac)
1 RISE
40 N 04h44m
38° 36’,8 N
3° 36’,8 2
35 N 04h55m
Difference -11m
3
1 5° 3 (11m)
5m……3m
1 m…….?= (0,6)
2 4 1m
3° 36’,8
Corr=7+1=8m
SUN RISE and SET
Almanac 16 May Lat:38°36.8’N- 056°32.2’E
(From almanac)
RISE
40 N 04h44m
E long. (time)
38° 36’,8 N 04h47m LMT - 3h13m51s = 01h00m51s UT
- 8m + 4 ZD
35 N 04h55m 05h00m51s ZT
Difference -11m
SUN RISE and SET
Almanac 16 May Lat:38°36.8’N- 056°32.2’E
Zone Center 60°E
(From almanac) dlong=3°27’48” ∆t=13m51s
RISE +04h47m LMT
40 N 04h44m 05h00m51s ZT
E long (time)
38° 36’,8 N 04h47m LMT - 3h13m51s = 01h00m51s UT
8m + 4 ZD
35 N 04h55m 05h00m51s ZT
Difference -11m
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 14 Jan 12,
for position Lat:17°46.1’N- 047°27.3W
(From almanac)
RISE SET
20 N ??? ???
17°46.1’N ??? ???
10 N ??? ???
Difference ??? ???
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 14 Jan 11,
for position Lat:17°46.1’N- 047°27.3W
(From almanac)
RISE SET
20 N 06h38m 17h40m
17°46.1’N ??? ???
7°46.1 ??? ???
10 N 06h21m 17h57m
Difference 17m -17m
1 10° 3 (17m)
5m……4m
2 m…….?= (1,6) 1m36s
Corr=12+1m36s
2 4 =13m36s
7°46’,1
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 14 Jan 12,
for position Lat:17°46.1’N- 047°27.3W
(From almanac)
RISE SET
20 N 06h38m 17h40m
17°46.1’N ???? ????
7°46.1 + 13m36s - 13m36s (From Intp. table)
10 N 06h21m 17h57m
Difference 17m -17m
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 14 Jan 12,
for position Lat:17°46.1’N- 047°27.3W
(From almanac)
RISE SET
20 N 06h38m 17h40m
LMT
17°46.1’N 06h34m36s 17h43m24s
7°46.1 + 13m36s -13m36s (From Intp. table)
10 N 06h21m 17h57m
Difference 17m -17m
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
Day 7 Nov 2012, is not the middle day?
Only the middle days at almanac was
giving us the correct LMT.
7 November is the last day at the page, so
we have to look the middle day at the
next page to. (If it was the first day we
have to look the previous page.)
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 7 Nov 12,
for position Lat:42°32’S- 147°26.3’W
5,6,7 Nov 8,9,10 Nov
RISE SET RISE SET
40S 04h43m 18h45m 04h40m 18h49m
42°32’S
45S 04h31m 18h57m 04h28m 19h01m
Diff. -12m 12m -12 12
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 7 Nov 12,
for position Lat:42°32’S- 147°26.3’W
5,6,7 Nov 8, 9, 10 Nov
RISE SET RISE SET
40S 04h43m 18h45m 04h40m 18h49m
2°32’ 5m48s 5m48s 5m48s 5m48s
42°32’S 04h37m12s 18h50m48s 04h34m12s 18h54m48s
45S 04h31m 18h57m 04h27m 19h01m
Diff. -12m 12m -12 12
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 7 Nov 12,
for position Lat:42°32’S- 147°26.3’W
5,6,7 Nov 8, 9, 10 Nov
RISE SET RISE SET
42°32’S 04h37m12s 18h50m48s 04h34m12s 18h54m48s
in 3 day -3m00s
in 1 day -1m
7 Nov: Rise: 04h37m12s - 1m
04h36m12s
LMT
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 7 Nov 12, for
position Lat:42°32’S- 147°26.3’W
5,6,7 Nov 8, 9, 10 Nov
RISE SET RISE SET
42°32’S 04h37m12s 18h50m48s 04h34m12s 18h54m48s
in 3 day -+4m
in 1 day -1m 3m00s +1m20s
7 Nov: Rise: 04h37m12s - 1m Set: 18h50m48s + 1m20s
04h36m 18h52m08s
LMT
SUN RISE and SET
Determine the rise and set time of the Sun on 7 Nov 12, for
position Lat:42°32’S- 147°26.3’W
5,6,7 Nov 8, 9, 10 Nov
RISE SET RISE SET
42°32’S 04h37m12s 18h50m48s 04h34m12s 18h54m48s
in 3 day -3m00s +4m
in 1 day -1m +1m20s
7 Nov: Rise: 04h37m12s - 1m Set: 18h50m48s + 1m20s
04h36m00s 18h52m08s
LMT
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
Mental Enterpolation is not
advised.
But for small values it may be
used.
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
Day 15 June 2016, position 12°42’N - 137°32’E, determine the Sun rise and set as
ZT.
14 15 16 June
RISE SET RISE SET
20N 05h20m 18h41m
12°42’N 05h29m 18h32m LMT
2°42’ - 10m + 10m (From Intp. table)
10N 05h39m 18h22m
Difference 19m -19m
137°32’E=9h10.1m ZD=137/15=9
Rise:05h29m-9h10.1m=20h18.9m UT(14 June)
+9h=05h18.9m ZT (15 June)
Set:18h32m-9h10.1m=09h21.9m UT
+9h=18h21.9m ZT
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
Day 29 Oct 2016, position 42° 29’,5S - 124° 28’W find Sun rise
and set as ZT.
27-28-29 Oct. 30-31 Oct – 1 Nov.
RISE SET RISE SET
40S 04h54m 18h35m 04h50m 18h38m
2° 28’ 5m 5m 5m 5m
42° 28’ 04h49m 18h40m 04h45m 18h43m
45S 04h44m 18h44m 04h40m 18h48m
Diff. -10m +9m -10m +10m
in 3 day 4 m ----------- in one day appr. 1m
29 Oct. Rise: 04h49m-1m= 04h48m LMT 124/15= 8 ZD
Set : 18h40m+1m= 18h41m LMT 124° 28’W = 8h17.9m
Rise:04h48m LMT + 8h17.9m= 13h05.9m UT -8h= 05h05.9m ZT
Set: 18h41m LMT+8H17.9m=24h58.9m= 00h58.9m UT 3O Oct.
-8= 16h58.9m ZT 29 Oct.
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
On 2nd of Agu 2012, at position 42°36’N-036° 43W, what is the
length of the day?
02 AGU
Rise Set
45° N 04h47m 19h25m
42° 36’N 04h53m48s 16h18m12s
2° 36’ -6m12s +6m12s
40° N 05h00m 19h12m
-13m 13m
04h53m48s - 16h18m12s = 11h24m24s is the length of the day.
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
On 16th of May, 2016, at position 08° 36’N-079° 32W,
at the west entrance of Panama Canal, what is the sun
rise and set zone time?
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
Day 16 May 2016, position 08° 36’N - 079° 32W find the Sun
rise and set as ZT.
RISE SET RISE SET
10 ° N 05h39m 18h14m
08° 36’N 05h44m 18h09m
08° 36’ 9m 9m
0°N 05h53m 18h00m
Diff. - 14m +14m
079° 32W=5h18.1m 79/15= 5 : ZD
Rise:05h44m LMT + 5h18.1m=11h02.1m UT–5h=06h02.1m ZT
Set:18h09m LMT + 5h18.1m=23h27.1m UT-5h= 18h27.1m ZT
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
Almanac page 16th of May, 2012, at position 08° 36’N
RISE SET
10 N 05h39m 18h14m
08° 36’N 05h41m 18h12m
12m 12m
0 05h53m 18h00m
Diff -14m 14m
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
Almanac page 16th of May, 2012, at position 08° 36’N
079° 32W
08° 36’N 05h41m 18h12m
079° 32W + 5h18m08s + 5h18m08s
UT 10h59m08s 23h30m08s
ZD - 5 (W ) - 5 (W)
ZT 05h59m08s 18h30m08s
LMT
(W) + long(time)
UT
- ZD
ZT
SUN RISE and SET CALCULATION
Day 22 Apr 2016, position 02° 29’,5S – 012°28’E find sun rise
and set as ZT.
RISE SET RISE SET
Twilight
Twilight is the period of semi-darkness occurring just
before sunrise, which is known as morning twilight, or
after sunset, which is known as evening twilight.
The navigator uses morning and evening twilight for
observations. The reason is that the darkness makes
the stars visible, which allows the horizon to be
defined easily by sufficient light.
There are also 3 stages of twilight. These stages are
defined in accordance with the position of the sun.
Twilight stages
Civil Twilight
This is the observation which the sun is 6° below the
horizon. Theses values of twilight observations are
also recorded into Nautical Almanac.
Twilight stages
Nautical twilight is defined to begin in the morning,
and to end in the evening, when the center of the sun is
geometrically 12° below the horizon. At the beginning or
end of nautical twilight, under good atmospheric
conditions and in the absence of other illumination,
general outlines of ground objects may be
distinguishable, but detailed outdoor operations are not
possible. During nautical twilight the illumination level
is such that the horizon is still visible even on a
Moonless night allowing mariners to take reliable star
sights for navigational purposes, hence the name.
Twilight stages
Astronomical Twilight
This is the observation which the sun is 18° below the
horizon.
Twilight
Observer Horizon
Civil Twilight
Observational Twilight
Nautical Twilight
Astronomical Twilight
Civil Twilight:
This is the observation which the sun is 6° below
the horizon. Theses values of twilight
observations are also recoded into Nautical
Almanac.
In the evening : This is the beginning time that the
stars could be seen while the horizon is seen.
In the morning : This is the beginning time that the
stars could not be seen.
Nautical Twilight:
This is the observation which the sun is 12° below the
horizon. The values of twilight observations in Nautical
Almanac are recorded taking into account that
observation.
In the evening : This is the beginning time that the
horizon could not be seen.
In the morning : This is the beginning time that the
horizon could be seen while the stars are seen.
Astronomical Twilight :
This is the observation which the sun is 18° below the
horizon.
In the evening : This is the beginning time of the
darkness.
In the morning : This is the end of the darkness.
- Observational Twilight
This is the observation which the sun is 10° below the horizon.
Sunrise - sunset
Example
Calculate the sunrise and sunset time at the position 23°55’ N, 123°44’ E on date
3 January 1916.
